Unit 1 - Methodological Issues Flashcards
What is generalisability?
= results can be applied to settings other than that in which they were originally tested.
What is representativeness?
= the sample is similar in make up to the characteristics of target population.
What is reliability?
= consistency of research. whether it can be repeated and produce consistent results.
What is internal reliability?
= consistency of results of a test across items within that test.
What is external reliability?
= the extent to which a test score varies from one to the other.
What is inter rater reliability?
= two observers consistently rate/observe the same behaviour and two sets of ratings are correlated.
What is test retest?
= can be used to see if the same results are achieved.
What is split half?
= a way to test internal reliability by comparing the results of one half of a test with the results from the other half.
What is validity?
= how accurate a piece of research/test is at measuring what it aims to measure.
What is internal validity?
= whether extraneous variables affect behaviour meaning there is not an accurate measure of the independent variables influence. (Participant variables + Order Effects)
What is external validity?
= if results can be generalised or have a representative sample. ECOLOGICAL + POPULATION VALIDITY
What is face validity?
= how good the test or research looks to be at testing what it is meant to.
What is construct validity?
= where a test or study measures the actual behaviour it sets out to measure. The results of a test could be correlated with other tests of the same construct.
What is concurrent validity?
= where a test or piece of research gives the same results as another test or study which claims to measure the same behaviour.
What is criterion validity?
= refers to how much one measure predicts the value of another measure.
What is predictive validity?
= where the test or research can predict certain behaviours.
What is population validity?
= how accurately the test or study measures behaviour in the general population.
What is ecological validity?
= how like real life a piece of research is.
What are demand characteristics?
= if participants guess the aim of the research.
What is social desirability bias?
= participants who want to present an image of being a good member of society.
What is researcher/observer bias?
= where they interpret data when want to see a particular behaviour, how results are market. Can be prevented by: 1) multiple choice questions, as no risk of subjectivity if out of certain amount. 2) to get someone other than researcher allocating groups, on a random basis. 3) someone else to mark. 4) ensure whoever marks was unaware of participants.
What is researcher/observer effects?
= participants are influence by research’s presence which can make them act differently.
What are ethical guidelines?
Ensures protection of participants, and status of psychology, and psychologists undertaking research.
What comes under RESPECT?
Informed Consent, Withdrawal, Confidentiality.
What comes under RESPONSIBILITY?
Protection from Harm, Debrief.
What comes under INTEGRITY?
Deception.
What is COMPETENCE?
Psychologists should work within their own capabilities, not giving advice if not qualified, and check research with peers.
