Unit 1: Chapter 4 Flashcards
Symbiosis
Interaction between different species in a community
Mutualism
- benefited
- benefited
Amensalism
- Harmed
- unaffected
Commensalism
- Benefited
- Unaffected
Neutralism
- Unaffected
- Unaffected
Parasitism
- Benefited
- Harmed
Microbiome
-community of microorganisms living in an environment
Resident microbiota
Microorganisms that constantly live in or on our bodies
Transient microbiota
Microorganisms that are temporarily on human body
-includes pathogenic microorganisms
Microbiota
-prokaryotes living in a certain region of the body (example mouth,eye, throat)
Commensal microbiota
-type of resident microbiota that is mutualistic, example found in mouth
Normal microbiota
- microorganisms that naturally inhabit healthy normal people
- prevents pathogens from living there
How are prokaryotes classified?
- shape
- staining patterns
- biochemical/physiological differences
- nucleotide sequencing
Proteobacteria
-phylum of gram negative bacteria discovered by Carl Woese based on nucleotide sequence homology
Alphaproteobacteria
-can live in low nutrient environments
Oligotrophs
-species that can live in low nutrient environments
Obligate intracelular pathogens
- require part of their life cycle to be in other cells (host cells)
- Chlamydias and rickettsias
Rickettsia
- pathogen in Alphaproteobacteria class
- need to be in a host cell for energy because they can’t make ATP
Betaproteobacteria
- have a wide range of metabolic strategies can survive in a range of environments
- includes pathogens, Neisseria, and Bordetella pertussis
Gammaproteobacteria
- largest/most diverse group
- Eschericha cool
Enteric
-intestinal bacteria in Gammaproteobacteria
Coliform
-ferment lactose completely with the production of acid and gas
Noncoliforms
Cannot ferment lactose or only ferment it incompletely making an acid or gas but both both
Deltaproteobacteria
- small group of gram negative bacteria that can reduce sulfur
- some are scavengers and form myoxospores w/ fruiting bodies
Epsilonproteobacteria
-require small amounts of oxygen in environment
Rickettsia
- gram negative
- can be cocci/rods/threads
- obligate intracelular bacteria
- Alphaproteobacteria
- transmitted by TICKS can cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever & typhus
Chlamydia trachomatis
- obligate intracelular pathogen
- Alphaproteobacteria
- causes trachoma, disease of the eyes that cause blindness
- also cause std lymphogranuloma (LGV)
Neisseria
- Betaproteobacteria
- microaerophilic (requires low levels of oxygen)
- diplococcal resembles coffee beans
- needs moisture and CO2
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Causes gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitides
Causes meningitis
Pseudomonas
- gram negative bacillus
- aerobic
- green culture
- opportunistic
- can cause wound, hospital, and patients w/ cystic fibrosis infections
Vibrio
- gram negative comma/rod shaped
- live in sea water
- motile
- produce toxins that cause hypersecretion of water and electrolytes in GI track
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- infects wounds and burns
- causes urinary tract infections
- respiratory infections in patients w/ cystic fibrosis
Vibrio cholerae
-causes a hypersecretion of water and electrolytes causing watery diarrhea and dehydration
Escherichia
- gram negative bacillus
- facultative anaerobe
- inhabits GI track
Yersinia
- gram negative bacillus
- carried by rodents
- cause plague and diarrhea
Salmonella
Causes salmonellosis which inflamed small and large intestine causes fever, vomiting, and diarrhea
Campylobacter
- gram negative spiral shaped rod
- aerobic
- infects chickens
Helicobacter
- gram negative spiral-shaped rod
- aerobic
- can damage inner lining of stomach causing chronic gastritis ulcers and stomach cancer
Spirochetes
Motile, spiral bacteria with long narrow body nonproteobacteria -DF microscope -impossible to culture/stain -syphilis 3rd most common std
Borrelia
- genus of spirochete
- contains species that cause Lyme disease
Gram negative nonproteobacteria
- spirochetes
- Cytophaga
- Fusobacterium
- Bacteroides
- Planctomycetes
- photo trophic bacteria
CFB Group
Rod shaped anaerobic organoheterotrophs/good fermenters
C: Cytophaga
F: Fusobacteria
B: Bacteroides
Cytophaga
Motile aquatic bacteria that glide
Fusobacteria
Live in human mouth can cause severe infectious diseases
Bacteroides
Largest group of CFB
Large amounts found in the human gut, most are mutualistic some are pathogenic
Planctomycetes
Found in aquatic environments
- reproduce by budding
- form large colonies
- develop a holdfast
Photo trophic bacteria
- use sunlight as energy
- includes proteobacteria & nonproteobacteria
- sulfur & nonsulfur bacteria colored purple/green
- can fix nitrogen into usable forms of nitrogen
Sulfur bacteria
- do anoxygenic photosynthesis
- use sulfur compounds as donors of electrons
- non sulfur use organic compounds as electron donors
Cyanobacteria
Oxygen producing bacteria that introduced oxygen into the air forming earths atmosphere
Treponema
- genus that causes syphilis
- causes tropical infectious diseases of skin, bones, and joints
High G+C gram-positive bacteria
Have 50% more guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA
Low G+C gram-positive bacteria
Have 50% less guanine and cytosine nucleotides in DNA
Actinobacteria
- name for class of high G+C gram positive bacteria
- has several different peptidoglycan in cell wall
Mycobacterium
- bacilli covered with a mycolic acid coat
- Acintobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes tuberculosis
-high G+C gram positive
Mycobacterium leprae
- causes leprosy (Hanens Disease)
- high G+C gran positive
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes diphtheria
-high G+C gram positive
Clostridia spp.
-low G+C gram positive bacteria that are obligate anaerobes that can make endospores
Lactobacillaels
- pharyngitis
- scarlet fever
- rheumatic fevers
- glomerulonephritis
- pneumonia
Bacilli
- low gram positive
- rod shaped and coccus species
- resistant to antibiotics
- anthrax
- staph aureus
Mycoplasma spp.
- low gram positive
- pleomorphic
- lack cell walls
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Causes atypical pneumonia
Campylobacter jejuni
Food poisoning/inflammation of small insets tube due to contaminated poultry products
Clostridium perfeingens
Causes gas gangrene
Clostridium tetani
Causes tetanus
Clostridium botulinum
Causes botulism
Clostridium difficile
Causes colitis
Escherichia coli
makes shiga toxin from contaminated food
Treponema pallidum
Causes syphilis
Helicobacter pylori
Causes chronic gastritis and ulcers
Borrelia burgdorferi
Causes Lyme disease
Gardnerella vaginalis
Causes bacterial vaginosis
Streptococcus aureus
MRSA
causes skin infections
Bacillus anthracis
Causes anthrax
Streptococcus pyogenes
Causes pharyngitis/strep throat
