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Microbiology > Unit 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • 1st to use the term cells

- described the small chambers within cork

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2
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A
  • botanist who observed plant tissue and described them being composed of cells
  • thought cells divided through crystallization instead of cell division
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3
Q

Theodor Schwann

A
  • observed animal tissue
  • realized that plant and animal tissues are similar
  • cells are important in plant and animal tissue
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4
Q

Robert Remak

A
  • came up with modern cell theory
  • cells come from other cells through cell division
  • before Virchow
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5
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A
  • published cellular pathology essays
  • cell theory became popular through Latin phrase all cells arise from cells
  • father of pathology
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6
Q

Key components of Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
    3 all new cells arise from existing cells
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7
Q

Key points of Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts coming me from prokaryotic cells who have a symbiotic relationship with a eukaryotic host
Evidence:
1. Mitochondria/chloroplast dna/structure similar to bacteria
2. Mitochondria/chloroplast ribosomes similar to bacteria
3. Mitochondria/chloroplast similar to binary fission of bacteria instead of mitosis of eukaryotes

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8
Q

Miasma theory

A

Disease comes from decomposing matter, found in sewage/cesspits

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9
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

Diseases may result from microbial infection

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10
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

-washing hand between examining patients helped prevent infection

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11
Q

John Snow

A
  • first known epidemiological study: tracked the source of cholera outbreaks to drinking water
  • first public response to an epidemic
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12
Q

Snow and Semmelweis

A

-disease is not only transmitted through the air but also through contaminated items

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13
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • airborne microbes caused food spoilage not spontaneous generation
  • if microbes caused food spoilage they also could cause infection
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14
Q

Joseph Lister

A
  • implemented phenol spray to disinfect during surgery to reduce post surgery infection
  • standard medical practice
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15
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Koch’s postulates

- established protocol to determine the cause of an infectious disease

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell characteristics

A
  • no nucleus instead nucleoid
  • 1 single circular chromosome found in nucleoid
  • domains: Archaea and Bacteria
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • capsule
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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell morphologies

A
  • Coccus: round
  • Bacillus: rod
  • Vibrio: curved rod
  • Coccobacillus: short rod
  • Spirillum: spiral
  • Spirochete: loose spiral
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18
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Arrangements

A
  • Coccus: single circle
  • Diplococcus: pair of cocci
  • Tetrad: Group of four cells in a square shape
  • Streptococcus: chain of cocci
  • Staphylococcus: cluster of cocci
  • Bacillus: single rod
  • Streptobacillus: chain of rods
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19
Q

How do prokaryotic cells maintain their morphology?

A

-cell wall protects from changes in osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Isotonic medium

A

-solute concentrations inside and outside of the cel are equal

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21
Q

Hypertonic medium

A

-solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside so water diffused out of cell

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22
Q

Hypotonic medium

A

Solute concentration inside the cell is greater than outside
-water moves into the cell, cell can burst

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23
Q

Crenation

A

-cell is dehydrated/shriveled

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24
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plasma membrane detached from cel wall, cell wall remains intact so cell can maintain shape/integrity

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25
Q

Plasmids

A
  • in prokaryotic cells

- carry genes that help survive: antibiotic resistance/advantageous traits

26
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A

-have a size of 70s

27
Q

Inclusions

A
  • in prokaryotic cells

- ability to store nutrients or used in metabolism/chemical process

28
Q

Vegetative cells

A
  • sensitive to extreme temps/radiation
  • gram positive
  • normal water/enzymatic activity
  • active growth & metabolism
29
Q

Endospores

A

Structures that protect bacteria when conditions are unfavorable, can germinate and turn back into vegetative cells

  • resistant to temp/radiation
  • does not absorb gram stain
  • dehydrated/ no metabolic activity
  • dormant/no growth
30
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • cell wall is made of this
  • only in bacteria
  • gram positive: thick layer
  • gram negative: thin layer
31
Q

Mycolic acid

A
  • eternal waxy layer in cell wall

- acid fast stain

32
Q

Pseudopetidoglycan

A

-found in archaea

33
Q

Bacterial membrane

A
  • made of phospholipids w/ integral/peripheral proteins
  • fatty acids are ester linked
  • Archaea are ether linked
34
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • a sugar coat
  • either capsule(organized/tight)or slime(less organized/loose) layers that help attach to surfaces or evasion of host immune system
35
Q

S-layer

A

-cell envelope in bacteria is outside acts as a cell wall in archaea

36
Q

Fimbriae

A

Short bristle proteins that stick out of cell surface to help attach to things

37
Q

Pili

A

Longer less numerous protein that stick out and help attach to surfaces

38
Q

F pilus/sex pilus

A

Important in the transfer of DNA between bacteria

39
Q

Flagella

A

Help cells move in aqueous environments

40
Q

Basal body

A

Motor of the flagellum embedded into plasma membrane

41
Q

Chemotaxis

A

-bacteria moves in response to chemicals like food or away from a repellent

42
Q

Monotrichous flagellum

A

Singular flagellum at one end of the cell (polar)

43
Q

Amphitrichous flagellum

A

Have a bunch of flagellum at each end

44
Q

Lophotrichous flagella

A

Have a bunch of flagella at one end of the cell

45
Q

Peritrichous flagella

A

Flagella that cover the entire surface of the cell

46
Q

Eukaryotic cell characteristics

A
  • have a nucleus w/ a complex nuclear membrane (has 2 lipid bilayers)
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cytoskeleton
  • multiple rod shaped chromosomes
  • domain: Eukarya
47
Q

Nucleolus

A

-site of ribosomal synthesis

48
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A
  • in mitochondria and chloroplasts size 70s

- in rough ER size is 80s

49
Q

Endomembrane System

A
  • eukaryotic cells

- contains transport membrane bound organelles (vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus)

50
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modified lipids and proteins transported from ER

51
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • lipid biosynthesis
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • detoxifies compounds
52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides support/ network for transport of intracelular materials

  • Microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
53
Q

Centrosomes

A

-forms spindles in mitosis

54
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of cellular respiration

-2 membranes outer and inner w/ cristae

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

Take material into the cell

56
Q

Exocytosis

A

Expel matter from cell

57
Q

Difference between plasma membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

-eukaryotic have sterols, glycoproteins/glycolipids, that help cells recognize good and bad cells

58
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella

A
  • eukaryotic has a more flexible flagella that whips instead of rotating
59
Q

Why are prokaryotes ubiquitous

A
  • are extremely resilient and adaptable

- metabolically flexible, can switch drone 1 energy source to another

60
Q

Community

A

-prokaryotes live in a group that interact w/ each other and hosts (including humans)

Microbiology (31 decks)

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