Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Question 1

What are the major indications for using ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology?

Answer 1

To evaluate the female pelvis, assess pregnancy milestones, and detect anomalies.

Question 2

Fill in the blank: Ultrasound is a ______, ______, accurate, and cost-effective tool in obstetrics.

Answer 2

Safe, non-invasive.

Question 3

Which ultrasound technique uses sound waves between 3.5 and 7.5 megahertz?

Answer 3

Real-time scanners.

Question 4

What is the purpose of the piezo-electric crystals in an ultrasound machine?

Answer 4

They convert electrical signals into ultrasound waves and vice versa.

Question 5

Name the types of ultrasound scans used in obstetrics and gynecology.

Answer 5

2-D, 3-D, 4-D, transvaginal.

Question 6

Describe the safety of ultrasound compared to X-rays.

Answer 6

Ultrasound involves no radiation and is safer than X-rays.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: Significant temperature increase due to ultrasound occurs only during ______.

Answer 7

Long exposure times.

Question 8

What are the clinical applications of ultrasound in gynecology?

Answer 8

Detecting pelvic masses, ovarian abnormalities, and monitoring IVF.

Question 9

Name the key milestones and their corresponding weeks of pregnancy detected by ultrasound.

Answer 9

4.5 weeks: gestational sac; 5 weeks: yolk sac; 5.5 weeks: embryo; 6-7 weeks: heartbeat.

Question 10

What is measured between 7 to 13 weeks to estimate gestational age accurately?

Answer 10

Crown-rump length (CRL).

Question 11

Which measurements are used for fetal growth monitoring after 13 weeks?

Answer 11

Biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL).

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The first routine scan is performed at ______ weeks to confirm pregnancy and check for ectopic pregnancies.

Answer 12

7-10 weeks.

Question 13

What is the purpose of a second routine scan performed at 18-22 weeks?

Answer 13

To detect congenital malformations, multiple pregnancies, and assess growth.

Question 14

Which parameters are evaluated during a third routine scan at 32-34 weeks?

Answer 14

Fetal size, growth, and presentation.

Question 15

Define anomaly scans and their key indications.

Answer 15

To identify congenital anomalies; indications include maternal diabetes, multiple gestation, and abnormal tests.

Question 16

What are some major fetal malformations detected during routine scans?

Answer 16

Anencephaly, cystic hygroma, abdominal wall defects.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: ______ scanning is particularly useful in detecting early intrauterine pregnancies.

Answer 17

Transvaginal.

Question 18

What is the advantage of transvaginal scanning compared to abdominal ultrasound?

Answer 18

Better anatomical detail of nearby organs.

Question 19

Describe the indications for transvaginal scanning.

Answer 19

Early pregnancy confirmation, ectopic pregnancy, IVF monitoring.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Normal ovaries on ultrasound have a volume of less than ______ cm鲁.

Answer 20

10 cm鲁.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of follicular cysts on ultrasound?

Answer 21

Thin-walled, clear, 3-8 mm.

Question 22

What are the typical ultrasound findings of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer 22

Enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts.

Question 23

What is the role of ultrasound in detecting ectopic pregnancies?

Answer 23

Identifying abnormal implantation outside the uterus.

Question 24

What is a biophysical profile in the context of ultrasound?

Answer 24

It assesses fetal well-being, including movement and amniotic fluid levels.

Question 25

How is amniotic fluid measured during pregnancy?

Answer 25

Using the deepest vertical pool (DVP) or amniotic fluid index (AFI).

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Anencephaly is one of the ______ malformations detected during a routine scan.

Answer 26

Major.

Question 27

What are the benefits of 3-D and 4-D ultrasounds over 2-D?

Answer 27

They provide width, height, and depth; 4-D adds real-time motion.

Question 28

Which type of ultrasound scan requires an empty bladder?

Answer 28

Transvaginal.

Question 29

Describe how the yolk sac is visualized during early pregnancy.

Answer 29

At 5 weeks of gestation.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Transvaginal scans use a frequency range of ______ to ______ megahertz.

Answer 30

5.0 to 7.5 MHz.

Question 31

What are the key applications of ultrasound in infertility treatment?

Answer 31

Monitoring follicle development and ovulation.

Question 32

Why are renal and cardiac malformations not always detected during routine anomaly scans?

Answer 32

They may require specialist imaging.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: Ultrasound assists therapeutic procedures such as ______ and ______.

Answer 33

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis.

Question 34

Name some common pelvic abnormalities detected using ultrasound.

Answer 34

Fibroids, ovarian masses, endometrial hyperplasia.

Question 35

What features distinguish corpus luteum cysts on ultrasound?

Answer 35

Thick hyperechoic wall with echogenic content.