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Obstetric And Gynecology > OVARIAN TUMOUR > Flashcards

OVARIAN TUMOUR Flashcards

1
Q

Define the primary functions of the ovaries.

A

The ovaries produce oocytes and secrete hormones.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: The ovaries are attached to the posterior surface of the ___ ligament.

A

Broad ligament.

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3
Q

What are the main histological components of the ovary?

A

Epithelium, cortex, and medulla.

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4
Q

List the three main cell types from which ovarian tumours arise.

A

Surface epithelium, germ cells, and stromal cells.

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5
Q

Differentiate between benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian tumours.

A

Benign: non-cancerous, does not spread; Borderline: low malignant potential, confined to the ovary; Malignant: invasive, capable of metastasis.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Benign ovarian tumours constitute ___% of all ovarian tumours.

A

0.8

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7
Q

What is the most common benign ovarian tumour in younger women?

A

Follicular cyst.

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of a follicular cyst.

A

Arises from a Graafian follicle, typically <5 cm, resolves in 4 weeks.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Theca lutein cysts are often associated with abnormally high ___ levels.

A

Beta-hCG.

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10
Q

Creative question: Design a patient counseling strategy for explaining ovarian cyst management.

A

(Answers will vary; include clear explanation, diagrams, and reassurance.)

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of benign ovarian tumours?

A

Abdominal swelling, pelvic pain, unusual vaginal bleeding.

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12
Q

List three imaging modalities used for investigating ovarian tumours.

A

Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan.

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13
Q

What tumour markers are commonly used to assess ovarian tumours?

A

CA-125, alpha-fetoprotein, beta-hCG, LDH.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Mature teratomas often contain tissues like ___, ___, and ___.

A

Hair, teeth, and bone.

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15
Q

What is Meigs syndrome, and which tumour is it associated with?

A

Meigs syndrome involves ovarian fibroma, ascites, and pleural effusion.

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16
Q

Explain the main treatment options for benign ovarian tumours.

A

Expectant management, ovarian cystectomy, or oophorectomy based on symptoms and age.

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17
Q

What is the most common malignant germ cell tumour?

A

Dysgerminoma.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Malignant epithelial ovarian tumours make up ___% of ovarian malignancies.

A

70-80%.

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19
Q

What are Krukenberg tumours, and what is their primary origin?

A

Krukenberg tumours are metastatic, primarily from gastric cancer.

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20
Q

Creative question: Illustrate the modes of spread of ovarian cancer using a diagram.

A

(Answers will vary; include peritoneal, lymphatic, and hematogenous spread.)

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21
Q

List the three primary modes of spread for malignant ovarian tumours.

A

Trans-coelomic, lymphatic, hematogenous.

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22
Q

What are the common symptoms of advanced-stage malignant ovarian tumours?

A

Abdominal distension, bloating, early satiety, unintentional weight loss.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: CA-125 is primarily used for detecting ___ ovarian tumours.

A

Epithelial.

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24
Q

Describe the FIGO staging system for ovarian cancer.

A

Stage I: localized; Stage II: spread to pelvis; Stage III: spread to peritoneum; Stage IV: distant metastasis.

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25
Q

What are the first-line chemotherapy agents for ovarian cancer?

A

Cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy typically involves ___ to ___ cycles before surgery.

A

3 to 4.

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27
Q

What is interval cytoreductive surgery, and when is it performed?

A

Performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy to remove residual tumour.

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28
Q

Creative question: Propose a multidisciplinary team for managing advanced ovarian cancer.

A

Surgeon, oncologist, dietician, psychologist, geneticist, oncology nurse.

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29
Q

What factors influence the prognosis of malignant ovarian tumours?

A

Stage, histological type, tumour size, treatment response.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: Stage IV ovarian cancer has a five-year survival rate of approximately ___%.

A

0.2

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31
Q

What preventive measures can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Oral contraceptives, salpingectomy, lifestyle modifications.

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32
Q

Explain the role of oral contraceptives in ovarian cancer prevention.

A

5 years of continuous use reduces risk by 50%.

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33
Q

What are the challenges in screening for ovarian cancer in low-risk populations?

A

No pre-invasive stage, pelvic organs not easily accessible.

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: Prophylactic ___ is recommended for women at high risk of ovarian cancer.

A

Salpingo-oophorectomy.

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35
Q

Describe the clinical findings that may indicate ovarian malignancy.

A

Palpable mass, ascites, postmenopausal ovarian mass.

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36
Q

What are the distinguishing features of dysgerminomas?

A

Bilateral in 10%, elevated LDH, chemosensitive.

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: Endodermal sinus tumours are characterized by elevated ___ levels.

A

LDH.

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38
Q

List the common symptoms of early-stage malignant ovarian tumours.

A

Vague symptoms, irregular menses, lower abdominal pain.

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39
Q

Creative question: Create a checklist for evaluating a patient with a suspected ovarian tumour.

A

(Answers will vary; include imaging, tumour markers, clinical history.)

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40
Q

What histological type is associated with Lynch II syndrome?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma.

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: High BMI is a risk factor for the ___ type of ovarian cancer.

A

Endometrioid.

42
Q

What is the role of genetic testing in ovarian cancer prevention?

A

BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations help identify high-risk individuals.

43
Q

Describe the role of tumour markers like inhibin and estradiol.

A

Inhibin and estradiol for sex cord-stromal tumours.

44
Q

What is the significance of trans-coelomic spread in ovarian cancer?

A

Spreads exfoliated cells to peritoneum and intestines.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ tumours contain signet-ring cells and often metastasize from gastric carcinoma.

A

Krukenberg.

46
Q

List three second-line chemotherapy agents used in ovarian cancer treatment.

A

Doxorubicin, gemcitabine, topotecan.

47
Q

What are the clinical indications for using radiotherapy in ovarian cancer?

A

Limited; used in specific cases.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: Adjuvant chemotherapy usually involves ___ to ___ cycles following primary surgery.

A

6 to 8.

49
Q

What imaging techniques are used to evaluate para-aortic lymph nodes?

A

CT scan, MRI.

50
Q

Describe the features of yolk sac tumours.

A

Highly malignant, elevated AFP, occur in young women.

51
Q

What are the main goals of palliative chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer?

A

Alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: Mixed germ cell tumours are a combination of ___ types of malignant germ cell tumours.

A

Two or more.

53
Q

What are the clinical challenges in managing borderline ovarian tumours?

A

Slow growth, confined to ovary for long periods.

54
Q

Creative question: Develop a patient education leaflet for ovarian tumour awareness.

A

(Answers will vary; focus on awareness and early detection.)

55
Q

Describe the features of immature teratomas.

A

Immature tissues, rapid growth, highly malignant.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: Women with BRCA1 mutations have a ___% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer.

A

0.4

57
Q

What is the role of cytoreductive surgery in recurrent ovarian cancer?

A

Performed to reduce tumour burden and improve survival.

58
Q

List three lifestyle modifications to reduce ovarian cancer risk.

A

Weight loss, avoid smoking, healthy diet.

59
Q

What are the histological features of granulosa cell tumours?

A

Call-Exner bodies, inhibin-positive.

60
Q

Creative question: Draft a research proposal on the role of tumour markers in ovarian cancer prognosis.

A

(Answers will vary; emphasize tumour markers’ role in monitoring.)

61
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Meigs syndrome.

A

Fibroma with ascites and pleural effusion.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Sertoli-Leydig tumours can lead to ___ due to androgen production.

A

Virilization.

63
Q

What is the significance of peritoneal fluid in the spread of ovarian cancer?

A

Facilitates implantation of exfoliated tumour cells.

64
Q

What are the symptoms of omental metastasis in advanced ovarian cancer?

A

Abdominal distension, bloating, early satiety.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ tumours often arise from metastases of colorectal cancer.

A

Krukenberg.

66
Q

Describe the limitations of using CA-125 for ovarian cancer screening.

A

Elevated in other conditions, lacks specificity.

67
Q

What are the clinical findings associated with ascites in ovarian malignancy?

A

Distension, discomfort, visible fluid wave.

68
Q

What factors increase the risk of ovarian torsion in benign tumours?

A

Larger cysts or tumours increase torsion risk.

69
Q

Creative question: Design a public health campaign for ovarian cancer prevention.

A

(Answers will vary; highlight prevention strategies.)

70
Q

What are the treatment options for malignant sex cord-stromal tumours?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy.

71
Q

Describe the main challenges in managing germ cell tumours during pregnancy.

A

Balancing maternal health and fetal safety.

72
Q

Fill in the blank: Tumour markers like LDH are elevated in ___ tumours.

A

Dysgerminoma.

73
Q

What are the surgical options for stage IA ovarian cancer?

A

Salpingo-oophorectomy or ovarian cystectomy.

74
Q

Explain the rationale for bilateral salpingectomy in ovarian cancer prevention.

A

Prevents ovarian cancer by removing potential sites of origin.

75
Q

What is the relationship between incessant ovulation and ovarian cancer risk?

A

DNA damage from repeated ovulation and repair.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: Early menarche and late menopause are ___ factors for ovarian cancer.

A

Risk.

77
Q

Describe the imaging findings in the evaluation of mature teratomas.

A

Echogenic material, calcifications.

78
Q

What are the histological characteristics of Krukenberg tumours?

A

Signet-ring cells, gastric origin.

79
Q

Creative question: Summarize the aetiological factors of ovarian cancer in a diagram.

A

(Answers will vary; include genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.)

80
Q

What is the significance of haemorrhage in corpus luteum cysts?

A

Mimics ectopic pregnancy, can cause hemoperitoneum.

81
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ tumours are the ovarian counterpart of seminomas.

A

Dysgerminomas.

82
Q

What are the clinical features of malignant Brenner tumours?

A

Pain, bleeding, malignant features on imaging.

83
Q

List three factors that influence the choice of chemotherapy regimens.

A

Stage, histology, patient health.

84
Q

What are the prognostic implications of lymphatic spread in ovarian cancer?

A

Indicates advanced disease and poorer prognosis.

85
Q

Fill in the blank: High-grade serous carcinoma is the most common ___ ovarian cancer.

A

Epithelial.

86
Q

What are the histological differences between clear cell and endometrioid tumours?

A

Clear: hobnail cells; Endometrioid: glandular patterns.

87
Q

Describe the challenges in diagnosing ovarian choriocarcinoma.

A

Rare, aggressive, beta-hCG-positive.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ syndrome increases the lifetime risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers.

A

Lynch II.

89
Q

What is the clinical relevance of tumour size in ovarian cancer prognosis?

A

Larger tumours correlate with advanced stages.

90
Q

Creative question: Draft a clinical guideline for follow-up after ovarian cancer treatment.

A

(Answers will vary; focus on surveillance intervals.)

91
Q

What is the role of targeted therapy in advanced ovarian cancer?

A

Blocks cancer pathways, personalized treatment.

92
Q

Describe the implications of postmenopausal bleeding in ovarian cancer.

A

Signals malignancy in postmenopausal women.

93
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ and ___ are second-line drugs used in ovarian cancer treatment.

A

Gemcitabine, topotecan.

94
Q

What are the common clinical findings in advanced-stage ovarian cancer?

A

Abdominal pain, bloating, ascites.

95
Q

Describe the significance of tumour differentiation in predicting treatment outcomes.

A

Well-differentiated tumours respond better to treatment.

96
Q

Fill in the blank: ___ is the gold standard for early detection of high-risk ovarian cancer.

A

Transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125.

97
Q

What is the impact of early diagnosis on ovarian cancer survival rates?

A

Improves survival rates significantly.

98
Q

What are the risks of surgical complications in cytoreductive surgery?

A

Bleeding, infection, bowel injury.

99
Q

Creative question: Outline the research priorities for ovarian cancer in resource-limited settings.

A

(Answers will vary; focus on accessible diagnostics.)

100
Q

What are the future directions for improving ovarian cancer screening?

A

Developing non-invasive, cost-effective methods.

Obstetric And Gynecology (26 decks)

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