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Obstetric And Gynecology > HIV & AIDS in Obstetrics and Gynaecology > Flashcards

HIV & AIDS in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Flashcards

1
Q

Define HIV and its global impact as of 2015.

A

HIV is a virus causing immunosuppression; 1.1 million global deaths in 2015.

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2
Q

What is the prevalence of HIV among women attending antenatal clinics in Nigeria?

A

3.0% (range: 0.9%–15.4%).

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3
Q

State two key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2.

A

HIV-2 is less transmissible and develops more slowly.

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4
Q

Name three primary routes of HIV transmission.

A

Direct blood contact, sexual contact, mother-to-child.

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5
Q

What are the three main periods when Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV can occur?

A

Pregnancy, labor/delivery, breastfeeding.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: “In 2015, __________ people died of HIV infection globally.”

A

1.1 million.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: “Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for __________% of pregnant women living with HIV.”

A

0.92

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8
Q

Identify three risk factors for MTCT during pregnancy.

A

High viral load, STIs, malnutrition.

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9
Q

How many infants out of 100 born to HIV-infected mothers typically get infected during labor and delivery?

A

About 15 infants.

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10
Q

Describe the ABCs of primary HIV prevention.

A

Abstain, Be faithful, Use condoms.

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11
Q

List the four elements of a comprehensive approach to preventing HIV infection in infants.

A

Primary prevention, preventing unintended pregnancies, preventing MTCT, treatment/care/support.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of opt-out HIV testing during antenatal care?

A

Normalizes testing, increases PMTCT service uptake.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: “Combination interventions can reduce MTCT to as low as __________% without breastfeeding.”

A

0.02

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14
Q

Why is early HIV testing important for pregnant women?

A

Identifies HIV status early, enables timely interventions.

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15
Q

State three pre-treatment evaluations for women with HIV.

A

Complete history, physical exam, lab parameters (e.g., CD4 count).

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16
Q

How does antiretroviral treatment benefit HIV-infected mothers?

A

Reduces viral replication, protects infants, improves maternal health.

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17
Q

Explain the dual prophylaxis regimen for high-risk HIV-exposed infants.

A

AZT (twice daily) and NVP (once daily) for 6 weeks.

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18
Q

What is the recommended duration for Nevirapine prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants?

A

4–6 weeks.

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19
Q

Name two feeding options for infants born to HIV-positive mothers.

A

Exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: “Daily Nevirapine prophylaxis should start within __________ hours of birth.”

A

72 hours.

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21
Q

Why should invasive obstetric procedures be avoided in HIV-positive mothers?

A

Reduce MTCT risk.

22
Q

Describe one specific ARV treatment for mothers with active tuberculosis.

A

TDF+3TC+EFV (or ATRIPLA®).

23
Q

Identify two laboratory tests necessary before initiating ARV therapy.

A

Hepatitis screening, STI tests.

24
Q

What is Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, and when is it recommended?

A

Prevents opportunistic infections; recommended from 6 weeks.

25
Q

Fill in the blank: “Nigeria has the __________ highest number of people living with HIV globally.”

A

Second.

26
Q

Describe the significance of prolonged rupture of membranes in MTCT risk.

A

Increases MTCT risk via prolonged exposure.

27
Q

What is the preferred feeding method for infants of HIV-positive mothers in the first six months?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding.

28
Q

How does the viral load of an HIV-positive mother affect MTCT risk?

A

Higher viral loads increase transmission risk.

29
Q

Name three clinical signs of advanced HIV infection.

A

Persistent diarrhea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy.

30
Q

Fill in the blank: “Women with viral loads over __________ copies/mL near delivery are at high risk for MTCT.”

A

1000 copies/mL.

31
Q

Why is counseling important in the prevention of unintended pregnancies in HIV-positive women?

A

Prevents unintended pregnancies, reducing transmission risk.

32
Q

State the global contribution of Nigeria to HIV-infected children.

A

0.3

33
Q

Name two conditions for which Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should continue until HIV exclusion.

A

Breastfeeding cessation, age-appropriate HIV test.

34
Q

What role does GeneXpert play in managing HIV-positive mothers with tuberculosis?

A

Diagnoses tuberculosis.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: “Antiretroviral drugs reduce __________ and improve maternal health.”

A

Viral load.

36
Q

Why is exclusive breastfeeding recommended for HIV-positive mothers?

A

Reduces mixed feeding risks.

37
Q

List two reasons why antenatal HIV screening is essential.

A

Early identification, intervention access.

38
Q

What are the risks associated with early mixed feeding for infants of HIV-positive mothers?

A

Increases transmission risks.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: “Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for __________% of AIDS-related maternal deaths in 2015.”

A

0.02

40
Q

How is Zidovudine used in prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants?

A

Twice daily for replacement feeding or breastfed high-risk infants.

41
Q

What is the purpose of safer delivery practices for HIV-positive mothers?

A

Minimizes MTCT risk during labor.

42
Q

Name two high-risk scenarios for HIV-exposed infants.

A

High maternal viral load, <4 weeks of ART pre-delivery.

43
Q

Fill in the blank: “ART should be initiated as soon as possible after starting __________ treatment in mothers with tuberculosis.”

A

Tuberculosis.

44
Q

What is the significance of clinical and immunological monitoring for patients on ART?

A

Tracks therapy effectiveness, prevents complications.

45
Q

Name two prevention strategies to reduce HIV transmission from mothers to infants.

A

Antiretrovirals, safer infant feeding.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: “Breastfed high-risk infants may require a total of __________ weeks of prophylaxis.”

A

12 weeks.

47
Q

Why is anemia assessment critical before ARV initiation?

A

Prevents complications from anemia.

48
Q

What are the benefits of integrating HIV testing into antenatal care?

A

Increases testing and treatment uptake.

49
Q

Describe the impact of malnutrition on MTCT risk.

A

Weakens maternal and infant defenses.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: “HIV-1 is __________ common worldwide compared to HIV-2.”

A

More.

Obstetric And Gynecology (12 decks)

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