HIV & AIDS in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Flashcards
Define HIV and its global impact as of 2015.
HIV is a virus causing immunosuppression; 1.1 million global deaths in 2015.
State two key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2.
HIV-2 is less transmissible and develops more slowly.
What are the three main periods when Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV can occur?
Pregnancy, labor/delivery, breastfeeding.
Fill in the blank: “In 2015, __________ people died of HIV infection globally.”
1.1 million.
Fill in the blank: “Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for __________% of pregnant women living with HIV.”
0.92
Identify three risk factors for MTCT during pregnancy.
High viral load, STIs, malnutrition.
How many infants out of 100 born to HIV-infected mothers typically get infected during labor and delivery?
About 15 infants.
Describe the ABCs of primary HIV prevention.
Abstain, Be faithful, Use condoms.
List the four elements of a comprehensive approach to preventing HIV infection in infants.
Primary prevention, preventing unintended pregnancies, preventing MTCT, treatment/care/support.
What are the advantages of opt-out HIV testing during antenatal care?
Normalizes testing, increases PMTCT service uptake.
Fill in the blank: “Combination interventions can reduce MTCT to as low as __________% without breastfeeding.”
0.02
Why is early HIV testing important for pregnant women?
Identifies HIV status early, enables timely interventions.
State three pre-treatment evaluations for women with HIV.
Complete history, physical exam, lab parameters (e.g., CD4 count).
How does antiretroviral treatment benefit HIV-infected mothers?
Reduces viral replication, protects infants, improves maternal health.
Explain the dual prophylaxis regimen for high-risk HIV-exposed infants.
AZT (twice daily) and NVP (once daily) for 6 weeks.
What is the recommended duration for Nevirapine prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants?
4–6 weeks.
Name two feeding options for infants born to HIV-positive mothers.
Exclusive breastfeeding, replacement feeding.
Fill in the blank: “Daily Nevirapine prophylaxis should start within __________ hours of birth.”
72 hours.
Why should invasive obstetric procedures be avoided in HIV-positive mothers?
Reduce MTCT risk.
Describe one specific ARV treatment for mothers with active tuberculosis.
TDF+3TC+EFV (or ATRIPLA®).
Identify two laboratory tests necessary before initiating ARV therapy.
Hepatitis screening, STI tests.
What is Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, and when is it recommended?
Prevents opportunistic infections; recommended from 6 weeks.
Fill in the blank: “Nigeria has the __________ highest number of people living with HIV globally.”
Second.
Describe the significance of prolonged rupture of membranes in MTCT risk.
Increases MTCT risk via prolonged exposure.
What is the preferred feeding method for infants of HIV-positive mothers in the first six months?
Exclusive breastfeeding.
How does the viral load of an HIV-positive mother affect MTCT risk?
Higher viral loads increase transmission risk.
Name three clinical signs of advanced HIV infection.
Persistent diarrhea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy.
Fill in the blank: “Women with viral loads over __________ copies/mL near delivery are at high risk for MTCT.”
1000 copies/mL.
Why is counseling important in the prevention of unintended pregnancies in HIV-positive women?
Prevents unintended pregnancies, reducing transmission risk.
State the global contribution of Nigeria to HIV-infected children.
0.3
Name two conditions for which Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should continue until HIV exclusion.
Breastfeeding cessation, age-appropriate HIV test.
What role does GeneXpert play in managing HIV-positive mothers with tuberculosis?
Diagnoses tuberculosis.
Fill in the blank: “Antiretroviral drugs reduce __________ and improve maternal health.”
Viral load.
Why is exclusive breastfeeding recommended for HIV-positive mothers?
Reduces mixed feeding risks.
List two reasons why antenatal HIV screening is essential.
Early identification, intervention access.
What are the risks associated with early mixed feeding for infants of HIV-positive mothers?
Increases transmission risks.
Fill in the blank: “Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for __________% of AIDS-related maternal deaths in 2015.”
0.02
How is Zidovudine used in prophylaxis for HIV-exposed infants?
Twice daily for replacement feeding or breastfed high-risk infants.
What is the purpose of safer delivery practices for HIV-positive mothers?
Minimizes MTCT risk during labor.
Name two high-risk scenarios for HIV-exposed infants.
High maternal viral load, <4 weeks of ART pre-delivery.
Fill in the blank: “ART should be initiated as soon as possible after starting __________ treatment in mothers with tuberculosis.”
Tuberculosis.
What is the significance of clinical and immunological monitoring for patients on ART?
Tracks therapy effectiveness, prevents complications.
Name two prevention strategies to reduce HIV transmission from mothers to infants.
Antiretrovirals, safer infant feeding.
Fill in the blank: “Breastfed high-risk infants may require a total of __________ weeks of prophylaxis.”
12 weeks.
Why is anemia assessment critical before ARV initiation?
Prevents complications from anemia.
What are the benefits of integrating HIV testing into antenatal care?
Increases testing and treatment uptake.
Describe the impact of malnutrition on MTCT risk.
Weakens maternal and infant defenses.
Fill in the blank: “HIV-1 is __________ common worldwide compared to HIV-2.”
More.
