Chest_Diseases_Congenital_Infections 2 Flashcards
How common is pneumonia in pregnancy, and what is its potential severity?
Pneumonia is infrequent in pregnancy but can be serious.
At what gestational age can pneumonia occur?
It can occur at any gestational age.
What are the common causative agents of pneumonia in pregnancy?
The causative agents are the same as in the non-pregnant population and include bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (e.g., COVID-19), and fungi.
How does pneumonia affect maternal and fetal physiology?
Pneumonia creates a state of hypoxemia and acidosis, which can affect both the mother and fetus.
What is the perinatal outcome associated with pneumonia in pregnancy?
The primary perinatal outcome is an increased risk of preterm birth.
What are the investigations used to diagnose pneumonia in pregnancy?
Investigations include chest X-ray (or CT scan if necessary), full blood count (FBC), and sputum testing.
How is pneumonia managed in pregnancy?
Management includes antimicrobial and antiviral therapy as needed.
How does the pneumonia vaccine provide protection, and what is the exception?
The pneumonia vaccine provides protection against 23 serotypes, but it is less effective in immunocompromised individuals.
What is asthma, and does pregnancy affect its progression?
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disorder with a hereditary component and is characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
What are the features of asthma in pregnancy?
Asthma in pregnancy presents with increased airway inflammation and responsiveness, but pregnancy does not affect its course.
What is the fetal effect of maternal asthma?
The primary fetal risk is fetal hypoxemia.
How is asthma managed during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum?
Asthma management includes antenatal, labor, and postpartum care with appropriate medications.
Which medications are absolutely contraindicated in asthma management during pregnancy?
Ergometrine and prostaglandins are absolutely contraindicated in asthma patients.
How is an acute asthma attack managed in pregnancy?
Acute asthma attacks are managed using nebulization or an inhaler with a spacer.
Why is tuberculosis in pregnancy a major concern?
Tuberculosis in pregnancy is a re-emerging global health issue, especially in poor and immunocompromised populations.
Who is most at risk for tuberculosis during pregnancy?
Those at highest risk include individuals with weakened immune systems or poor socioeconomic conditions.
What is the mode of transmission for tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What are the common investigations used to diagnose tuberculosis in pregnancy?
Diagnosis includes sputum testing, chest X-ray, full blood count, skin testing, and GeneXpert.
What is the standard treatment regimen for tuberculosis in pregnancy?
Standard treatment includes the RIPE regimen: Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol, often given as directly observed therapy (DOTS).
Is breastfeeding allowed in mothers receiving tuberculosis treatment?
Breastfeeding is not prohibited if the mother’s sputum test is negative.
What are the different ways a fetus can acquire a viral infection in pregnancy?
The fetus can be infected via haematogenous spread, ascending infection, iatrogenic infection (e.g., chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis), or endometrial infection.
What are the clinical features of chorioamnionitis?
Clinical features of chorioamnionitis include uterine tenderness, maternal pyrexia, fetal tachycardia, maternal tachycardia, and foul-smelling/discolored liquor.
What is the most common congenital viral infection?
The most common congenital viral infection is cytomegalovirus (CMV).
How is cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmitted?
CMV is transmitted through body fluids and can be vertically transmitted to the fetus.
At what stage of pregnancy can CMV cause fetal damage?
Fetal damage can occur at any stage of pregnancy.
What are the major fetal complications associated with CMV infection?
Major fetal complications include CNS abnormalities such as microcephaly, choroidoretinitis, optic atrophy, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
What organism causes toxoplasmosis, and how is it transmitted?
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and is transmitted via the faeco-oral route.
When is fetal transmission of toxoplasmosis most likely to occur?
Transmission is greatest when maternal infection occurs in the third trimester.
How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed in pregnancy?
Diagnosis is made by detecting IgG in cord blood or a fourfold rise in IgG titer in two samples taken three weeks apart.
