maternal_mortality_flashcards
What is the definition of maternal mortality according to ICD-10, WHO-2010?
Maternal mortality is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
What are the major disparities in maternal mortality?
Maternal mortality disparities exist within countries, between high- and low-income women, and between rural and urban areas.
Why is maternal mortality considered a public health concern and a human rights issue?
Maternal mortality is a public health and human rights issue because most deaths are preventable and indicate inequalities in access to healthcare.
How many women die daily from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth?
Approximately 800 women die daily from preventable pregnancy-related causes.
What percentage of maternal deaths occur in developing countries?
99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries.
What is Nigeria’s lifetime risk of maternal death?
In Nigeria, the lifetime risk of maternal death is 1 in 13, compared to 1 in 31 for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole.
How many maternal deaths occur annually in Nigeria?
Nigeria has an estimated 40,000 maternal deaths annually, accounting for 14% of global maternal mortality.
Which country is the largest contributor to maternal mortality worldwide?
India is the largest contributor to maternal mortality worldwide.
How often does a Nigerian woman die from pregnancy-related causes?
One Nigerian woman dies every 13 minutes from preventable pregnancy-related causes.
How many women in Nigeria experience life-long health conditions due to pregnancy complications?
For each maternal death, 30 to 50 women suffer life-long complications like obstetric fistula, meaning over 500 women face severe consequences daily.
What are the three measures of maternal mortality?
The three measures of maternal mortality are: Maternal mortality rate (MMR), Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and Lifetime risk of maternal death.
What was the global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2013?
The global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2013 was 210 per 100,000 live births.
What was the MMR for sub-Saharan Africa in 2013?
The MMR for sub-Saharan Africa in 2013 was 510 per 100,000 live births.
What were the MMR trends in Nigeria from 1999 to 2013?
MMR in Nigeria increased from 289 in 1999 to 576 in 2013.
Which region in Nigeria had the highest MMR, and what was the value?
The Northeast region of Nigeria had the highest MMR at 1,549 per 100,000 live births.
What are the two major categories of causes of maternal mortality?
The two major causes of maternal mortality are medical and social causes.
What percentage of maternal mortality is due to direct causes?
Direct causes account for 80% of maternal mortality.
List the major direct causes of maternal mortality.
Major direct causes include: Hemorrhage (23%), Sepsis (17%), Unsafe abortion (11%), Hypertensive disorders (11%), Obstructed labor (11%), Pulmonary embolism.
What percentage of maternal mortality is due to indirect causes?
Indirect causes account for 20% of maternal mortality.
List the major indirect causes of maternal mortality.
Major indirect causes include: Anemia, Malaria, HIV, Sickle cell disease, Cardiac diseases.
What is the 3 Delays Model?
The 3 Delays Model explains delays in receiving maternal healthcare that contribute to mortality.
What are the three phases of delay in maternal mortality?
The three phases of delay are: Phase 1: Delay in decision to seek care, Phase 2: Delay in reaching care, Phase 3: Delay in receiving adequate care.
What factors contribute to Phase 1 (home delay)?
Factors in Phase 1 (home delay) include low status of women, lack of awareness, past negative experiences, cultural acceptance of maternal death, and financial constraints.
What factors contribute to Phase 2 (community delay)?
Factors in Phase 2 (community delay) include distance to healthcare, transportation availability and cost, poor roads, and geographic barriers.
What factors contribute to Phase 3 (facility delay)?
Factors in Phase 3 (facility delay) include poor facilities, lack of medical supplies, and inadequately trained staff.
What is a maternal near-miss case?
A maternal near-miss is when a woman nearly dies but survives a life-threatening pregnancy complication.
What are the WHO identification criteria for maternal near-miss cases?
WHO near-miss identification criteria include dysfunction in neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, uterine, or coagulation systems.
What are the major global efforts to reduce maternal mortality?
Global efforts to reduce maternal mortality include: Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI), Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS), Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
What were the two main targets of MDG 5?
MDG 5 targeted a 75% reduction in MMR and universal access to reproductive health.
What is the maternal mortality target under SDG 3?
SDG 3 aims to reduce global MMR to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
What are the three levels of prevention in reducing maternal mortality?
Three levels of prevention: Primary: Preventing pregnancy (contraceptives), Secondary: Preventing complications in pregnancy, Tertiary: Managing complications (Emergency Obstetric Care - EmOC).
What does the acronym ‘FACE’ stand for in Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI)?
‘FACE’ stands for: Family planning, Antenatal care, Clean and safe delivery, Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC).
What are the components of basic Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC)?
Basic EmOC includes: Antibiotics, Anticonvulsants, Uterotonics, Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA), Manual Removal of Placenta (MRP), Instrumental delivery.
What additional components are included in comprehensive EmOC?
Comprehensive EmOC includes all basic components plus: Caesarean section, Blood transfusion, Newborn resuscitation.
