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Obstetric And Gynecology > DM IN PREGNANCY > Flashcards

DM IN PREGNANCY Flashcards

1
Q

Define diabetes mellitus.

A

A chronic disease where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body can’t effectively use the insulin it produces, leading to hyperglycemia.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of hyperglycemia in pregnancy?

A

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy (DIP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: “GDM accounts for __________% of all diabetes in pregnancy.”

A

0.9

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4
Q

Name three high-risk factors for diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Previous GDM, severe obesity, maternal age ≥40 years.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: “The incidence of diabetes in pregnancy is __________ to __________%.”

A

2–10%.

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6
Q

What is the effect of pregnancy on pre-existing diabetes?

A

Poor glycemic control, increased insulin requirements, and progression of complications like retinopathy.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: “Increased insulin requirements during pregnancy are due to __________ resistance.”

A

Insulin.

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8
Q

Name two maternal complications of pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Preeclampsia, increased infections.

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9
Q

List three fetal complications associated with diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Macrosomia, congenital anomalies, intrauterine fetal death.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: “Fetal hyperglycemia leads to __________ and organomegaly.”

A

Macrosomia.

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11
Q

What is the significance of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in GDM?

A

Helps achieve normoglycemia and prevents complications.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: “HbA1c levels during pregnancy should ideally be less than __________%.”

A

6.5%.

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13
Q

Name three neonatal complications of diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, hypothermia.

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14
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes in pregnancy based on WHO 2013 guidelines?

A

Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, 2-hour glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or HbA1c ≥6.5%.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: “Routine GDM screening is performed at __________ to __________ weeks gestation.”

A

24–28.

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16
Q

What is the primary goal of managing diabetes in pregnancy?

A

Improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: “During pregnancy, target pre-prandial glucose levels are ≤ __________ mmol/L.”

A

5.3.

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18
Q

Name two components of a lifestyle management plan for GDM.

A

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and physical exercise.

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19
Q

Describe the role of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management during pregnancy.

A

Tracks glucose trends over 24 hours, providing detailed insights for management.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: “__________ therapy is the gold standard for achieving glycemic control in pregnancy.”

A

Insulin.

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21
Q

Name two oral hypoglycemic agents commonly used in pregnancy.

A

Metformin, glyburide.

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22
Q

What is the significance of physical activity in managing GDM?

A

Reduces glucose levels and improves insulin sensitivity.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: “Maternal hyperglycemia results in increased __________ transfer to the fetus.”

A

Glucose.

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24
Q

Name two surgical complications associated with diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Cesarean delivery, obstructed labor.

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25
Q

Describe the calorie distribution plan for managing GDM.

A

30% carbs, 40% fats, 20% protein; spread across three meals and three snacks.

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26
Q

What are the preferred types of exercise for pregnant women with diabetes?

A

Walking, light cardiovascular training.

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: “Polyuria and polydipsia are classic symptoms of __________.”

A

Hyperglycemia.

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28
Q

Name two screening tests for GDM.

A

Glucose challenge test (GCT), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

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29
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for GDM based on fasting glucose levels?

A

5.1–6.9 mmol/L.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: “The __________ test involves a 75g glucose load with a 2-hour measurement.”

A

OGTT.

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31
Q

Name two psychological challenges in managing diabetes during pregnancy.

A

Fear of hypoglycemia, lack of social support.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: “Macrosomia increases the risk of __________ during delivery.”

A

Shoulder dystocia.

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33
Q

Why is preconception counseling important for women with pre-existing diabetes?

A

Reduces complications and optimizes glycemic control.

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34
Q

What is the role of HbA1c monitoring in pregnancy?

A

Provides supplementary information for glycemic trends.

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35
Q

Fill in the blank: “Carbohydrate intake should be restricted to __________ to __________% of total calories.”

A

30–40%.

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36
Q

Name two complications of untreated GDM for the mother.

A

Preeclampsia, infections.

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37
Q

Describe the timing of delivery for women with GDM.

A

Typically at ≥38 weeks or individualized based on glycemic control.

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: “Neonatal __________ is a common complication of maternal hyperglycemia.”

A

Hypoglycemia.

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39
Q

Name two congenital anomalies associated with diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Neural tube defects, congenital heart defects.

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40
Q

What are the risks of hypoglycemia during pregnancy?

A

Can cause seizures, coma, or death in severe cases.

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41
Q

Describe the effects of human placental lactogen on glucose metabolism in pregnancy.

A

Promotes insulin resistance by increasing glucose levels.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: “Metformin is a safe and commonly used __________ agent in pregnancy.”

A

Hypoglycemic.

43
Q

Name three types of insulin used in pregnancy.

A

Rapid-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting insulin.

44
Q

Describe the role of antenatal clinics in managing diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Coordinate multidisciplinary care and optimize outcomes.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: “The total daily dose of insulin is split into __________ and __________ doses.”

A

Morning and evening.

46
Q

What are the calorie requirements for overweight pregnant women with diabetes?

A

25–30 kcal/kg.

47
Q

Name two types of fetal monitoring used in diabetic pregnancies.

A

Doppler ultrasound, biophysical profile.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: “Poor glycemic control increases the risk of __________ fetal death.”

A

Unexplained.

49
Q

What is the role of Doppler ultrasound in managing diabetic pregnancies?

A

Evaluates blood flow, fetal well-being.

50
Q

Fill in the blank: “Patients with GDM should undergo a post-delivery OGTT at __________ weeks.”

A

6–12.

51
Q

Why is breastfeeding encouraged for women with diabetes?

A

Reduces neonatal hypoglycemia and provides health benefits.

52
Q

Describe the effects of diabetic ketoacidosis on pregnancy outcomes.

A

Increases maternal and fetal mortality risks.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: “Lifestyle changes manage __________ to __________% of mild GDM cases.”

A

80–90%.

54
Q

What is the effect of diabetic neuropathy on pregnancy?

A

Can worsen or lead to chronic issues.

55
Q

Name two laboratory tests used to monitor diabetes in pregnancy.

A

HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: “Polyhydramnios is a complication of __________ diabetes in pregnancy.”

A

Gestational.

57
Q

Why is individualized care essential for managing diabetes in pregnancy?

A

Tailors interventions to individual needs.

58
Q

Describe the role of dieticians in the multidisciplinary management of diabetes.

A

Develop nutrition and lifestyle plans.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: “The prevalence of GDM parallels the prevalence of __________ and __________.”

A

Obesity, impaired glucose tolerance.

60
Q

What is the purpose of structured postnatal care for GDM patients?

A

Monitors for recurrence of diabetes or complications.

61
Q

Name three hormones contributing to insulin resistance in pregnancy.

A

Human placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: “Early screening for GDM is indicated in women with __________ risk factors.”

A

High.

63
Q

What is the significance of insulin pumps in managing diabetes?

A

Provides precise glucose delivery and minimizes fluctuations.

64
Q

Fill in the blank: “Postprandial glucose levels during pregnancy should be ≤ __________ mmol/L.”

A

7.8.

65
Q

Why is weight management important in GDM?

A

Prevents excessive fetal growth and maternal complications.

66
Q

Describe the role of multidisciplinary clinics in improving pregnancy outcomes.

A

Enhances care and reduces risks.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: “Gestational diabetes increases the likelihood of developing __________ later in life.”

A

Type 2 diabetes.

68
Q

Name two infections associated with diabetes in pregnancy.

A

UTIs, vulvovaginal candidiasis.

69
Q

Why is patient education critical in managing GDM?

A

Empowers patients for self-management and adherence.

70
Q

Fill in the blank: “Carbohydrate restriction helps to prevent maternal and fetal __________ spikes.”

A

Glucose.

71
Q

Name two types of congenital heart defects associated with maternal diabetes.

A

Ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect.

72
Q

What are the recommended calorie requirements for underweight women with GDM?

A

35–40 kcal/kg.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: “The __________ trimester is critical for optimizing glycemic control to prevent anomalies.”

A

First.

74
Q

Why is regular antenatal care important for women with diabetes?

A

Identifies and manages complications early.

75
Q

Describe the effects of fetal hyperinsulinemia on growth patterns.

A

Causes macrosomia and organomegaly.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: “Obesity is a major risk factor for developing __________ diabetes.”

A

Gestational.

77
Q

Name two birth injuries associated with macrosomia.

A

Shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injuries.

78
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for pre-gestational diabetes?

A

Fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥6.5%.

79
Q

Fill in the blank: “Vaginal candidiasis is a common infection in __________ pregnancies.”

A

Diabetic.

80
Q

Why is Doppler ultrasound used in the third trimester for diabetic pregnancies?

A

Assesses fetal well-being and blood flow.

81
Q

Fill in the blank: “Maternal hyperglycemia promotes fetal __________ storage.”

A

Fat.

82
Q

Name three psychological support strategies for diabetic pregnancies.

A

Stress management, counseling, peer support groups.

83
Q

Fill in the blank: “During labor, glucose levels should be maintained between __________ mmol/L.”

A

4–7.

84
Q

What is the role of early referral to specialists for women with diabetes?

A

Ensures timely and specialized interventions.

85
Q

Fill in the blank: “Neonatal hypocalcemia is a complication of maternal __________.”

A

Hyperglycemia.

86
Q

Name two strategies for managing postnatal glucose levels in GDM.

A

Monitoring glucose, adjusting insulin doses.

87
Q

Fill in the blank: “Diabetic nephropathy may __________ during pregnancy.”

A

Worsen.

88
Q

Why is continuous glucose monitoring preferred over self-monitoring?

A

Provides a continuous glucose profile for better control.

89
Q

Fill in the blank: “Fetal oxygen depletion is a result of excess __________ storage.”

A

Fat.

90
Q

Describe the impact of impaired glucose tolerance on pregnancy outcomes.

A

Increases risks of macrosomia, preeclampsia, and stillbirth.

91
Q

Fill in the blank: “Hyperglycemia during pregnancy increases the rate of __________ deliveries.”

A

Operative.

92
Q

What is the role of antenatal surveillance in managing high-risk pregnancies?

A

Tracks fetal growth, detects anomalies.

93
Q

Fill in the blank: “Unexplained __________ fetal death is associated with uncontrolled diabetes.”

A

Intrauterine.

94
Q

Name two postnatal complications of diabetes for the neonate.

A

Jaundice, hypocalcemia.

95
Q

Fill in the blank: “Women with a history of GDM should receive __________ counseling.”

A

Preconception.

96
Q

Why is regular glucose monitoring crucial for pregnant women with diabetes?

A

Prevents hyperglycemia-related complications.

97
Q

Fill in the blank: “Excessive weight gain exacerbates __________ intolerance during pregnancy.”

A

Glucose.

98
Q

Name three strategies for preventing complications of diabetes in pregnancy.

A

Early diagnosis, tailored interventions, regular monitoring.

99
Q

Fill in the blank: “Hypomagnesemia in neonates is associated with maternal __________.”

A

Diabetes.

100
Q

Why is the timing of delivery important in diabetic pregnancies?

A

Prevents complications like macrosomia and IUFD.

101
Q

Fill in the blank: “Neonatal __________ is a risk in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.”

A

Hypoglycemia.

Obstetric And Gynecology (27 decks)

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