ucsp quiz endt Flashcards
is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across generations. It helps us identify and analyze man’s physiological development which is important in his subsistence
EVOLUTION
is the process of development which occurs when human beings adapt themselves with their surroundings and be able to survive within the environment
cultural evolution
SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Paleolithic
Neolithic
• Unpolished stone implements;
• Hunting and gathering; and
• Nomadic way of living.
Paleolithic
• Polished stone tools;
• Domestication of plants and animals; and
• Living in permanent places.
Neolithic
A member of the family Hominidae
▪ One species could evolve into another species (Ember, 2002).
Hominids
▪ known as Cro-Magnon
▪ lived in the last Ice age of Europe 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
▪ They were the first to produce art in cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and accessories.
THE HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
▪ “Handy man”
▪ First to make stone tools
▪ Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.
THE HOMO HABILIS
▪ “Wise man”
▪ Appeared form 200,000 years ago
▪ The present human race belongs to this species
THE HOMO SAPIENS
is a collection of individuals who have relations and interactions with one another that make them interdependent to some degree. This interdependence is vital for members of society as this enables them to pursue mutual goals and benefits.
Social Group
▪ “Upright man”
▪ Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago
▪ They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire
THE HOMO ERECTUS
People in the society create various tools and equipment for their daily life, such as domesticating animals, planting, trading, among others. As people interacted and lived with one another, they started to reciprocate ideas, beliefs, knowledge, practices, and material possessions, leading to forge culture.
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
REQUIREMENTS FOR A GROUP
- The group shall be two or more people.
- There must be interaction within the group.
- Members of the group could be together physically or virtually.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP
primary group
secondary group
is characterized as small and intimate face-to-face and emotion-based interactions over a while.
Communication is profound and strong, and personal satisfaction is highly important.
primary group
is characterized as large and less intimate face-to-face and emotion-based interactions for a limited time. Communication is not deep; interaction is not that much significant. Interaction is merely a means to achieve an individual’s objectives. Secondary groups include employer-employee relationships, professional relationships, political organizations, and religious organizations.
secondary group
are the first groups whom an individual encounters. These groups establish and influence an individual’s identity, beliefs, values, and aspirations. Primary groups include family, close friends, work-related peers, and close churchmates.
Primary groups
is a group to which an individual belongs to and feels a sense of belongingness. Members devise ways to distinguish themselves from non-members. This may come in the form of group name, group symbol, group code, etc. Further, they
share commonalities such as interests, experiences, and attitudes. Examples are members who are part of a sorority/fraternity, members of the student body, and members of a specific organization.
In-group
is a group to which an individual does not belong and does not feel a sense
of belongingness, thus, he/she may feel hostility or a sense of competitiveness.
Out-group
is a group that is looked up to by an individual. This group serves as the “role model” and has a
significant influence on an individual’s character. Further, an individual patterns his/her life due to his/her reference group.
reference group
refers to the interconnections and interrelationships among social actors/groups and large institutions to which they all belong. Examples are social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. to which an individual interconnects with other people from different parts of the world.
Network
is an integral part of human development as this enables a person to become more knowledgeable and aware of his/her surroundings, learn his/her society’s culture, and analyze and evaluate the appropriateness in the society.
Socialization
refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary skills in the society (Atienza, et.al. 2016). This
prepares and trains the person to think, feel, and act within one’s society. As the person moves from one stage to another, he/she may not or may discard the learnings
he/she acquires and learns new patterns of behavior along the way.
Socialization
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
School
Peer Groups
Mass Media
Religion and State
✓ The primary agent of socialization
✓ Vital for the early care and development of child
✓ Family becomes an avenue for social
engagement and political socialization
Family
✓ The institution that has a critical and active role in socialization through academic and social activities.
✓ The institution that teaches students
important values, such as cooperation,
camaraderie, innovation, competitiveness,
punctuality, respect for authority, etc.
✓ The institution that instills and values self-
improvement and hard work
✓ An avenue for political socialization
School
✓ People who have shared commonalities such as interests, characteristics, age, and social background
✓ reinforce acceptable behaviors being introduced by the family and school and allow a certain degree of independence from family and certain figures of authority.
Peer Groups
✓ This includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, articles, radio, television, other print materials, and social media.
✓ The source of information regarding events and developments in the society and the source of providing Entertainment.
Mass Media
✓ Ultimate source of authority
Religion and State
✓ influences the person’s views, legitimizes accepted social behavior and practices, and provides stability and social change.
Religion
✓ implements laws and other regulations that reinforce appropriate behavior and help form values and
attitudes of citizens.
State
For an individual to continue his/her role and function in the society, he/she should conform to the generally-accepted behavior
within the society.
CONFORMITY
✓ An individual accepts social pressure
but may privately disagree with it. The
person is motivated by the desire to
gain rewards and avoid punishment.
Compliance
refers to attempting to change his/her behavior to adapt to the accepted and defined behavior of the society he/she is in.
CONFORMITY
An individual adopts a certain
behavior for him/her to establish a
satisfying relationship with other
people.
Identification
An individual accepts public
compliance and internal acceptance
of the norms and standards imposed
by the group.
Internalization or Acceptance
An individual who does not conform to the
accepted behavior, norms, and standards of
society would mean -
DEVIANCE
refers to behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members and involves actions that violate socially-accepted norms and standards (Atienza, et.al, 2016).
Social Deviance
▪ The tensions between socially-
approved goals and an individual’s
ability to meet the goals will lead to
deviance.
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY
This theory considers deviance as a
socially-constructed phenomenon
influenced largely by interpersonal
relationships among members of
the society.
LABELING THEORY
This theory considers deviance as a
reflection of inequalities in the
Society.
CONFLICT THEORY
refers to systematic means
and practices to maintain and stabilize
norms and standards, rules and laws;
regulate conflicts; and discourage
deviant behavior (Atienza, et.al. 2016).
Social Control
refers to the means of social
control to address conflicts and violations
of socially-accepted behavior.
Sanction
✓ Sanctions that are provided for by laws and other regulations in society.
Formal Sanctions
Sanctions that are imposed by smaller societies, communities, or groups of people.
✓ Sanctions that are arbitrarily agreed upon by the members of the group or society.
Informal Sanctions
refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated
Human Dignity
refer to natural rights of all
individuals regardless of their ethnicity, age,
religion, sex, race, and language. Human
Human Rights
Rights have the following characteristics:
- Universal
- Fundamental
- Indivisible
- Absolute
is a legal instrument that upholds the recognition of human rights. The said instrument was drafted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1948.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
