STATS END TERM EXAM

Question 1

is selected from the population and the data gathered from it will represent the data that can be gathered from the entire population.

Answer 1

sample

Question 2

is concerned with the selection of a subset of population that will be used to estimate the characteristics of the entire population.

Answer 2

Sampling technique

Question 3

is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data. As a result, the results found in the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population

Answer 3

Sampling Errors

Question 4

TYPES OF SAMPLING ERRORS

Answer 4

Population-Specific Error
Selection Error
Sample Frame Error
Non-response Error

Question 5

occurs when a researcher understands who to survey.

Answer 5

Population-Specific Error

Question 6

occurs when the survey is self directed, or when only those participants who are interested in the survey respond to the questions. Researchers can attempt to overcome selection error by finding ways to encourage participation.

Answer 6

Selection Error

Question 7

occurs when a sample is selected from the wrong population data

Answer 7

Sample Frame Error

Question 8

occurs when a useful response is not obtained from the surveys because researchers were unable to contact potential respondents (or potential respondents refused to respond).

Answer 8

Non-response Error

Question 9

SLOVIN’s FORMULA

Answer 9

𝑛 = 𝑁 / 1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

Question 10

TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Answer 10

Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling

Question 11

it is a sampling procedure where every element of a population is given an equal chance of being selected as a member of a sample.

Answer 11

Probability Sampling

Question 12

This is a sampling procedure in which an element of the population is not given an equal chance of selected sample.

Answer 12

Non-Probability Sampling

Question 13

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Answer 13

Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling

Question 14

• This is the most basic sampling technique
• It is a sampling technique in which every element of the population has the same probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample.

Answer 14

Simple Random Sampling

Question 15

• Is another type of probability sampling which is also known as interval sampling.

Answer 15

Systematic Sampling

Question 16

• This method considers an interval in selecting a sample from a given population.

Answer 16

Systematic Sampling

Question 17

• Is a random sampling technique in which a list of elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and the elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping through the list at regular intervals.

Answer 17

Systematic Sampling

Question 18

• Is a random sampling method that divides a population into different homogeneous subgroups called strata. Random samples will be selected from each stratum so that the population will be well presented. We use stratified random sampling when we consider subgroups like year level of students, gender and age, among others.

Answer 18

Stratified Sampling

Question 19

• Is a random sampling technique in which the population is first divided into strata and then the samples are randomly selected separately from stratum.

Answer 19

Stratified Sampling

Question 20

is the subset of strata.

Answer 20

Stratum

Question 21

This type of random sampling is also called area sampling because it is usually used on a geographical basis.

Answer 21

Cluster Sampling

Question 22

requires a complete list of clusters that represent the sampling frame. Choose a few clusters randomly as a source of primary data and the data that can be collected from each cluster to represent the characteristics of the whole population.

Answer 22

Cluster Sampling

Question 23

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Answer 23

Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling
Snowball Sampling

Question 24

• Selecting a participant because they are often readily and easily available.
• Tends to be a favored sampling technique among students as it is inexpensive and an easy option compared to other sampling techniques.
• This often helps to overcome many of the limitations associated with research.
• Also known as accidental, opportunity or grab sampling.

Answer 24

Convenience Sampling

Question 25

or judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings, persons, or events are selected deliberately in order to provide information that cannot be obtained from other choices.

Answer 25

Purposive Sampling

Question 26

Samples are chosen based on the goals of study. They may be chosen based on their knowledge of their being conducted or if they satisfy the traits and conditions set by the researcher.

Answer 26

Purposive Sampling

Question 27

It requires careful planning and justification to ensure your sample is representative of the population you’re interested in studying.

Answer 27

Purposive Sampling

Question 28

participants are chosen on the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics as the wider population

Answer 28

Quota Sampling

Question 29

If the desired quota is reached, the drawing of samples is terminated.

Answer 29

Quota Sampling

Question 30

uses a few cases to help encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size.

Answer 30

Snowball Sampling

Question 31

This approach is most applicable in small populations that are difficult for access due to their closed nature (like secret and inaccessible professions).

Answer 31

Snowball Sampling

Question 32

Participants in the study were asked to recruit other members for the study.

Answer 32

Snowball Sampling

Question 33

is a number describing a whole population.

Answer 33

parameter

Question 34

is a number describing a sample.

Answer 34

statistic

Question 35

is an area of statistical inference wherein we can evaluate a conjecture about some of the characteristics of a population based on the data gathered from the sample.

Answer 35

Hypothesis testing

Question 36

is an educated guess that can be tested.

Answer 36

Hypothesis

Question 37

This type of error rejects the null hypothesis when in fact it is true.- error is also known as alpha (𝛼) error.

Answer 37

Type I Error

Question 38

This type of error fails to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false. - is also known as beta (𝛽) error.

Answer 38

Type II Error

Question 39

depends on the statistician or researcher who is willing to commit type I error.

Answer 39

level of significance

Question 40

is used when the alternative hypothesis is directional. It means that the value of the measures is either greater than or less than the other measure.

Answer 40

one-tailed test

Question 40

is a hypothesis where the rejection region lies at only one tail of the distribution.

Answer 40

one-tailed test

Question 41

is used when the alternative hypothesis is non-directional, which means that the values of two

Answer 41

two-tailed test

Question 42

- is a hypothesis test where the rejection region lies on both end tails of the distribution, one on the left and one on the right.

Answer 42

two-tailed test

Question 43

This is used as a basis for deciding whether the null hypothesis should be subjected.

Answer 43

Test statistics

Question 44

This is the set of values of the test statistic that leads to rejection of null hypothesis.

Answer 44

Rejection region

Question 45

This is the set of values of the test statistic that leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Answer 45

Non-rejection region

Question 46

This is the set of values of the test statistic that separates the rejection and non-rejections

Answer 46

Critical Value

Question 47

is a procedure in making decisions based on sample evidence or probability theory used to determine whether the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. If the statement is found reasonable, then the hypothesis will be accepted, otherwise it will be rejected.

Answer 47

Hypothesis testing

Question 48

is the variable that may affect the dependent variable to change.

Answer 48

Independent variable

Question 49

is the variable that is influenced or affected by the independent variable.

Answer 49

Dependent variable

Question 50

The data collected in this type of study involves two variables called

Answer 50

bivariate data.

Question 51

are diagrams that used to show the degree and pattern of relationship between two sets of data. They are constructed on the xy coordinate plane. Each data point on a scatter plot represents two values (x,y).

Answer 51

Scatter Plots

Question 52

The of the point is the value of the independent variable (x)

Answer 52

abscissa

Question 53

the is the value of the dependent variable (y).

Answer 53

ordinate

Question 54

If the dots are on a straight line pointing upward to the right.

Answer 54

Perfect positive correlation

Question 55

If the dots are on the straight line pointing downward to the right

Answer 55

Perfect negative correlation

Question 56

If the dots are concentrated around a straight line pointing upward to the right.

Answer 56

Strong positive correlation

Question 57

If the dots are concentrated around the straight line pointing downward to the right.

Answer 57

Strong negative correlation

Question 58

If the dots are not close but are not too far from the straight line that they seem to follow

Answer 58

Moderately positive or negative correlation

Question 59

If the dots in the scatter plot are widely spread.

Answer 59

Weak positive or negative correlation

Question 60

If the dots are neither following a straight line pointing upward or downward to right nor have a pattern.

Answer 60

NO CORRELATION

Question 61

denoted by r measures the strength of the linear relationship. To find r, the following formula is used.

Answer 61

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient