pakyu pr Flashcards
Encourages seeking information through interrogation.
-Allows you to gain soft skills such as cooperation, self-reflection, and problem solving
Inquiry
Discover through formal and systematic study or observation.
-Allows you to gain skills such as organization, communication, and attention to detail
-It is the process of gathering and analyzing data or information for specific purposes.
Research
-Subjective
-Thematic Data
Qualitative Research
-Objective
-Numerical Data
Quantitative Research
Create a Law
Model -> Hypothesis -> Theory -> Law
General Model-
Philosophy-> Theory-> Principle -> Technique-> Method
Thomas Kuhn’s Paradigm Shiff
Paradigm-> Experimentation, research, analysis->discover anomalies-> reconcile anomalies(give solution or recommendation)-> enden cycle
Principles of Research
Support an existing study
Debunk an existing study
Innovate a new study
Aims of Research
-verification of existing knowledge
-acquisition of new knowledge
-application of new knowledge
-advancement of the researcher’s expertise
It focuses on providing a foundation for future studies.
Exploration
Functions of Research
Exploration
Description
Explanation
It aims to give additional information on newly discovered ideas.
Description
It discovers why new ideas came into existence through connecting ideas.
Explanation
Characteristic of a research:
Empirical or Experimental
Logical or Deductive
Cyclical or Moving in Cycles
Analytical or Coherent
Critical or Fault Finding
Methodical or Systematic
Replicable or Duplicated
-based from experience, experimentation and observation
-objective or unbiased
Empirical or Experimental
-based on valid procedures, frameworks and principles
-Follows a process
-supported by a certain methodology
Logical or Deductive
-starts with a problem and ends with a problem
-Seeking new informations using the gap of the past research
Cyclical or Moving in Cycles
-All data must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from the obtained information
Analytical or Coherent
-Exhibits careful and precision processing ideas and judgment
-Address gaps
Critical or Fault Finding
-Appropriate research methodology is used to ensure that researchers can collect relevant data
Methodical or Systematic
-research design and procedures are repeated to verify its validity, reliability, and consistency.
Replicable or Duplicated
Research Process
Step 1: Identifying and Defining the Research Problem
Step 2: Review the Literature
Step 3: Formulating Hypotheses and Designing the Study
Step 4: Planning the Research Design
Step 5: Collecting of and Organizing Data
Step 6: Analyzing Data and Testing Hypothesis
Step 7: Interpreting Data
Step 8: Reporting Research Finding
Objective /Purpose
Understanding the way people think and feel
Used to generate an outcome
Interpretation
- Understands underlying reasons
-Gains insights into the prevailing trends - Is interpretative and contextualized - Expresses data in terms of numerical values as gathered from the respondents
Hypotheses
May emerge/change as the study progresses
- Are specifically stated at the outset and tested therefore it can either be accepted or rejected; it cannot be changed
Sample
- Comes in small numbers - Referred to as participants or subjects - Identified using non-probability/purposive sampling
- Comes in large numbers - Referred to as respondents - Selected to represent the population of interest using probability/non-purposive sampling
Questions
Open-ended
Close-ended
Data collection
Unstructured (free in form) procedures
Structured procedures
Data analysis
Inductive analysis of data
- Minimal to no use of statistical test
- Deductive analysis of data
- Requires the use of statistical tests
Outcome
-Inclusive
-Needs further study before recommending a course of action
- Conclusive - Usually descriptive in nature
- Used to recommend a final course of action
- Produces results
Generalization
Findings are particularly in-depth about a certain phenomenon
Findings are generalized to all situations
-qualitative
Driven by researchers curiosity
Investigating the structure
Improves understanding of particular phenomena.
Basic/Pure
mix/quantitative
Application of methodology
Effects of techniques
Solving or improving specific word-problems
Applied
KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD
Basic/Pure
Applied
KINDS OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO THEIR PURPOSE
RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
Exploratory Research
Explanatory Research
Action Research
This aims to define or provide a verbal representation or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, and so on. Because the topic is limited to a specific period or number of years, it lends itself to repeated investigation. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher encourages future researchers to conduct additional research on a specific topic.
Descriptive Research
It depicts the connections or relationships between two variables, which are factors, circumstances, or agents. It is only concerned with indicating the existence of a relationship, not with the causes and methods of its development.
Correlational Research
Its goal is to determine how reasonable or feasible it is to conduct a research study on a specific topic. It allows you to discover ideas on a specific topic that may pique your interest in conducting research studies.
Exploratory Research
It elaborates or explains not only the reasons for two factors’ relationship, but also how such a relationship exists.
Explanatory Research
This is an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution to solve an immediate or progressive problem that will initiate system improvements.
Action Research
Five phases of Research
Conceptualization Phase
Designing Phase
Empirical Phase
Analysis Phase
Dissemination Phase
Intellectualize the problem of the topic and present a concrete statement of the problem. It involves literature review to look for a gap, formulation of the statement of the problem, and hypothesis.
Conceptualization Phase
Planning of the methods of our study. To efficiently solve the problem. Identify the methods or techniques of our study, find the appropriate research design, what are the number of respondents, what are the ethical compliant, and formulate the instruments.
Designing Phase
Implementing the methodology that have been planned following the ethical compliant. Already gathered the data in consideration of the ethical compliant/consideration
Empirical Phase
Formulating the finding and interpretations based on the gathered data. Chapter 4 of our study (it contains the data analysis and interpretation and discussion and results). Chapter 5 of the study (contain the summary of the findings,conclusions, and recommendations)
Analysis Phase
Process of publishing of the findings to the public. The - of the information to the public
Dissemination Phase
Characteristic of a successful researcher
Curious
Efficient
Logical
Effective
Active
Practical
Inventive
Honest
Cost-effective
Guideline in choosing a research topic
Interest in the subject matter.
Availability of information.
Timeliness and relevance of the topic.
Limitations of the subject.
Personal Resources
What interests u
Will this interest the public, too
If the topic is no assigned, make sure you will enjoy researching about it.
Purpose: to pursue the research despite struggle
Interest in the subject matter.
Where can I get data
How much data can I get
How relevant are the date available
Purpose: to support the study
Availability of information.
Is my topic timely
Is it useful for the society
Select topics that are relevant to the current landscape of the society
Purpose: to ensure the usefulness of the study
Timeliness and relevance of the topic.
What is the coverage of my topic? Scope and Limitations?
Technically, what do I have to consider in regards our course requirements?
Purpose: To protect your study from further questions of the panelists.
Limitations of the subject.
Assess your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time allotment to enable you to complete your research.
Personal Resources
Research topics to avoid
Controversial topics ( can be to serve as an eye opener)
Highly technical subjects
Hard-to-investigate subjects
Too broad subjects
Too narrow subjects
Vague subjects
Characteristics of a Research Title
Summarizes the main ideas of your study
Is the part of the paper that is read the most and is usually read first
Captures readers attention at the research problem investigated
Differentiates the paper from the other papers of the same subject area
Predicts content
Contains keyword that will make it easy to access by a computer search
steps on Formulating Research Questions
- Choose a topic
- Narrow the topic
- Ask some questions
- Focus the question
Key Elements of SOP
- Provide context for your study
- Establish the relevance of this research
- Define specific aims and Objectives
is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.
Literature
is an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world. You examine representations of man’s thinking about the world to determine the connection of your research with what people already know about it.
A review of related literature
PURPOSE OF RRL
- To obtain background knowledge of your research
- To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
- To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
- To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
- To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research
- To explain technical terms involved in your research study
- To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research
- To avoid repeating previous research studies
- To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic
STYLES OF RRL
Traditional Review of Literature
Systematic Review of Literature
way is to summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject. Your aim here is to give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. Being necessarily descriptive, interpretative, evaluative, and methodically unclear and uncertain, a - review is prone to your subjectivity. This kind of review does not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information.
Traditional Review of Literature
which means methodical, is a style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature. requires you to go through the following RRL steps
- Systematic Review of Literature
analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some national or world issues
Conceptual review
focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and results of their application to situations
Critical review
makes the researcher deal with the latest research studies on the subject
State-of-the-Art review
encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her
Expert review
prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of project making about community development, government policies, and health services, among others
Scoping review
STEPS IN CONDUCTING SYSTEMATIC RRL
- Have a clear understanding of the research questions.
- Plan your manner of obtaining the data.
- Do the literature search.
determine which data, studies, or sources of knowledge are valuable or not - Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies.
- Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data.
the structure of the summary resembles that of an essay where a series of united sentences presents the RRL results. However, this structure of - review varies based on your subject and area of specialization.
traditional review
the structure is based on the research questions; so much so, that, if your RRL does not adhere to a certain method to make you begin your RRL with research questions, your RRL is headed toward a traditional literature review structure.
systematic review
Structure of RRL
Introduction
Headings and Subheadings
Summary
Process of RRL
Step1 : Search for literature
Step2 : Reading the source material
Step3 : Writing the review
Where to get RRL
Early Stages Materials
Indexed Publication
Journals and Articles
Books
Research Designs
Phenomenological Studies
Ethnographic studies
Grounded Theory Studies
Content Analysis
Case study
Experience of your Participants are investigated
Phenomenological Studies
This study involves gathering and analyzing data about cultural groups
Ethnographic studies
A research design used to create a theory and law
Grounded Theory study
Research design that criticizes literatures
Content Analysis
