- Understands underlying reasons -Gains insights into the prevailing trends - Is interpretative and contextualized - Expresses data in terms of numerical values as gathered from the respondents

pakyu pr Flashcards by Lindsay Rendon

Encourages seeking information through interrogation.
-Allows you to gain soft skills such as cooperation, self-reflection, and problem solving

Inquiry

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Discover through formal and systematic study or observation.
-Allows you to gain skills such as organization, communication, and attention to detail
-It is the process of gathering and analyzing data or information for specific purposes.

Research

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-Subjective
-Thematic Data

Qualitative Research

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-Objective
-Numerical Data

Quantitative Research

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Create a Law

Model -> Hypothesis -> Theory -> Law

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General Model-

Philosophy-> Theory-> Principle -> Technique-> Method

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Thomas Kuhn’s Paradigm Shiff

Paradigm-> Experimentation, research, analysis->discover anomalies-> reconcile anomalies(give solution or recommendation)-> enden cycle

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Principles of Research

Support an existing study
Debunk an existing study
Innovate a new study

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Aims of Research

-verification of existing knowledge
-acquisition of new knowledge
-application of new knowledge
-advancement of the researcher’s expertise

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It focuses on providing a foundation for future studies.

Exploration

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Functions of Research

Exploration
Description
Explanation

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It aims to give additional information on newly discovered ideas.

Description

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It discovers why new ideas came into existence through connecting ideas.

Explanation

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Characteristic of a research:

Empirical or Experimental
Logical or Deductive
Cyclical or Moving in Cycles
Analytical or Coherent
Critical or Fault Finding
Methodical or Systematic
Replicable or Duplicated

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-based from experience, experimentation and observation
-objective or unbiased

Empirical or Experimental

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-based on valid procedures, frameworks and principles
-Follows a process
-supported by a certain methodology

Logical or Deductive

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-starts with a problem and ends with a problem
-Seeking new informations using the gap of the past research

Cyclical or Moving in Cycles

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-All data must be analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from the obtained information

Analytical or Coherent

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-Exhibits careful and precision processing ideas and judgment
-Address gaps

Critical or Fault Finding

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-Appropriate research methodology is used to ensure that researchers can collect relevant data

Methodical or Systematic

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-research design and procedures are repeated to verify its validity, reliability, and consistency.

Replicable or Duplicated

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Research Process

Step 1: Identifying and Defining the Research Problem
Step 2: Review the Literature
Step 3: Formulating Hypotheses and Designing the Study
Step 4: Planning the Research Design
Step 5: Collecting of and Organizing Data
Step 6: Analyzing Data and Testing Hypothesis
Step 7: Interpreting Data
Step 8: Reporting Research Finding

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Objective /Purpose

Understanding the way people think and feel

Used to generate an outcome

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Interpretation

Understands underlying reasons
-Gains insights into the prevailing trends - Is interpretative and contextualized
Expresses data in terms of numerical values as gathered from the respondents

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Hypotheses

May emerge/change as the study progresses - Are specifically stated at the outset and tested therefore it can either be accepted or rejected; it cannot be changed

Sample

- Comes in small numbers - Referred to as participants or subjects - Identified using non-probability/purposive sampling - Comes in large numbers - Referred to as respondents - Selected to represent the population of interest using probability/non-purposive sampling

Questions

Open-ended Close-ended

Data collection

Unstructured (free in form) procedures Structured procedures

Data analysis

Inductive analysis of data - Minimal to no use of statistical test - Deductive analysis of data - Requires the use of statistical tests

Outcome

-Inclusive -Needs further study before recommending a course of action - Conclusive - Usually descriptive in nature - Used to recommend a final course of action - Produces results

Generalization

Findings are particularly in-depth about a certain phenomenon Findings are generalized to all situations

-qualitative Driven by researchers curiosity Investigating the structure Improves understanding of particular phenomena.

Basic/Pure

mix/quantitative Application of methodology Effects of techniques Solving or improving specific word-problems

Applied

KINDS OF RESEARCH BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD

Basic/Pure Applied

KINDS OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO THEIR PURPOSE RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive Research Correlational Research Exploratory Research Explanatory Research Action Research

This aims to define or provide a verbal representation or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, and so on. Because the topic is limited to a specific period or number of years, it lends itself to repeated investigation. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher encourages future researchers to conduct additional research on a specific topic.

Descriptive Research

It depicts the connections or relationships between two variables, which are factors, circumstances, or agents. It is only concerned with indicating the existence of a relationship, not with the causes and methods of its development.

Correlational Research

Its goal is to determine how reasonable or feasible it is to conduct a research study on a specific topic. It allows you to discover ideas on a specific topic that may pique your interest in conducting research studies.

Exploratory Research

It elaborates or explains not only the reasons for two factors' relationship, but also how such a relationship exists.

Explanatory Research

This is an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution to solve an immediate or progressive problem that will initiate system improvements.

Action Research

Five phases of Research

Conceptualization Phase Designing Phase Empirical Phase Analysis Phase Dissemination Phase

Intellectualize the problem of the topic and present a concrete statement of the problem. It involves literature review to look for a gap, formulation of the statement of the problem, and hypothesis.

Conceptualization Phase

Planning of the methods of our study. To efficiently solve the problem. Identify the methods or techniques of our study, find the appropriate research design, what are the number of respondents, what are the ethical compliant, and formulate the instruments.

Designing Phase

Implementing the methodology that have been planned following the ethical compliant. Already gathered the data in consideration of the ethical compliant/consideration

Empirical Phase

Formulating the finding and interpretations based on the gathered data. Chapter 4 of our study (it contains the data analysis and interpretation and discussion and results). Chapter 5 of the study (contain the summary of the findings,conclusions, and recommendations)

Analysis Phase

Process of publishing of the findings to the public. The - of the information to the public

Dissemination Phase

Characteristic of a successful researcher

Curious Efficient Logical Effective Active Practical Inventive Honest Cost-effective

Guideline in choosing a research topic

Interest in the subject matter. Availability of information. Timeliness and relevance of the topic. Limitations of the subject. Personal Resources

What interests u Will this interest the public, too If the topic is no assigned, make sure you will enjoy researching about it. Purpose: to pursue the research despite struggle

Interest in the subject matter.

Where can I get data How much data can I get How relevant are the date available Purpose: to support the study

Availability of information.

Is my topic timely Is it useful for the society Select topics that are relevant to the current landscape of the society Purpose: to ensure the usefulness of the study

Timeliness and relevance of the topic.

What is the coverage of my topic? Scope and Limitations? Technically, what do I have to consider in regards our course requirements? Purpose: To protect your study from further questions of the panelists.

Limitations of the subject.

Assess your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time allotment to enable you to complete your research.

Personal Resources

Research topics to avoid

Controversial topics ( can be to serve as an eye opener) Highly technical subjects Hard-to-investigate subjects Too broad subjects Too narrow subjects Vague subjects

Characteristics of a Research Title

Summarizes the main ideas of your study Is the part of the paper that is read the most and is usually read first Captures readers attention at the research problem investigated Differentiates the paper from the other papers of the same subject area Predicts content Contains keyword that will make it easy to access by a computer search

steps on Formulating Research Questions

1. Choose a topic 2. Narrow the topic 3. Ask some questions 4. Focus the question

Key Elements of SOP

1. Provide context for your study 2. Establish the relevance of this research 3. Define specific aims and Objectives

is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner.

Literature

is an analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world. You examine representations of man’s thinking about the world to determine the connection of your research with what people already know about it.

A review of related literature

PURPOSE OF RRL

1. To obtain background knowledge of your research 2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world 3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge 4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies 5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of your research 6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study 7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research 8. To avoid repeating previous research studies 9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic

STYLES OF RRL

Traditional Review of Literature Systematic Review of Literature

way is to summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject. Your aim here is to give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. Being necessarily descriptive, interpretative, evaluative, and methodically unclear and uncertain, a - review is prone to your subjectivity. This kind of review does not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information.

Traditional Review of Literature

which means methodical, is a style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature. requires you to go through the following RRL steps

2. Systematic Review of Literature

analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some national or world issues

Conceptual review

focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and results of their application to situations

Critical review

makes the researcher deal with the latest research studies on the subject

State-of-the-Art review

encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her

Expert review

prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of project making about community development, government policies, and health services, among others

Scoping review

STEPS IN CONDUCTING SYSTEMATIC RRL

1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions. 2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data. 3. Do the literature search. determine which data, studies, or sources of knowledge are valuable or not 5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies. 6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data.

the structure of the summary resembles that of an essay where a series of united sentences presents the RRL results. However, this structure of - review varies based on your subject and area of specialization.

traditional review

the structure is based on the research questions; so much so, that, if your RRL does not adhere to a certain method to make you begin your RRL with research questions, your RRL is headed toward a traditional literature review structure.

systematic review

Structure of RRL

Introduction Headings and Subheadings Summary

Process of RRL

Step1 : Search for literature Step2 : Reading the source material Step3 : Writing the review

Where to get RRL

Early Stages Materials Indexed Publication Journals and Articles Books

Research Designs

Phenomenological Studies Ethnographic studies Grounded Theory Studies Content Analysis Case study

Experience of your Participants are investigated

Phenomenological Studies

This study involves gathering and analyzing data about cultural groups

Ethnographic studies

A research design used to create a theory and law

Grounded Theory study

Research design that criticizes literatures

Content Analysis