U1AOS3 Flashcards
RANDOM ERRORS:
occurs because of a random unpredictable events in the measurement process
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS:
refers to errors that impacts on all data and a flaw to DV measures causing constant errors.
PERSONAL ERRORS:
errors that are faults from the researcher, aka ‘human errors’
TYPES OF ERRORS:
random, systematic, personal
ACCURACY?
the accuracy of a measurement relates to how close it is to the ‘true’ value of the quantity being measured
PRECISION?
refers to how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other
TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES?
convenience, stratified and random
RANDOM SAMPLING:
a sampling technique that ensures every member of the population of research interest has an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample.
for example: drawing names from a hat
STRATIFIED SAMPLING:
researcher dividing sampled groups based on characteristics they share in a way where all sub groups are represented.
for example:
CONVENIENCE:
not the very best method of sampling since it can provide a biased sample but it is commonly used.
(asking people to volunteer via news paper article, Selecting people who walk past you in the school yard, Choosing participants because they are family, friends or classmates.
QUALITIATIVE DATA:
information/data that is in the form of descriptions, words, meanings and pictures
QUANTATATIVE DATA:
information/data that is expressed numerically
OBJECTIVE DATA:
information that is observable, measurable, verifiable and free from the personal bias of the researcher
SUBJECTIVE DATA:
information that is based on personal opinion, interpretation, point of view or judgment
PRIMARY DATA:
information collected directly from the source by the researcher (or through others) for their own specific purpose. AKA ‘FIRST HAND DATA’
SECONDARY DATA:
information that was not collected directly by the current researcher but was collected at an earlier time by someone else
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES:
a variable other than the independent variable (IV) that may influence the dependent variable (DV) and impact the results of an experiment
SITUATIONAL VARIABLE:
aspects of the environment that might affect the participants behaviour, e.g. temp., lighting
PARTICIPANT VARIABLE:
individual characteristics, which can effect results, e.g. mood, mental health levels, concentration levels
EXPERIMENTer VARIABLES:
when the experimenter unintentionally affects how participants should behave, e.g., age, gender, mannerisms
WHAT TYPE OF EVS ARE THERE?
situational, participant, experimental, demand characteristics
MIXED SUBJECT DESIGN:
a design that combines features of both a between subjects design and a within subjects design
BETWEEN SUBJECT DESIGN:
different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions
WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN:
EACH PARTICIPANTS ARE IN BOTH THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP, EACH GROUP COMPLETE BOTH THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THEN WE SEE IF THE IV HAD EFFECT ON DV.
EXTERNAL VALIDITY:
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to other situations and to other people
INTERNAL VALIDITY:
the extent to which the results from a study are actually due to the variables being tested (and not due to EVs)
REPEATABILITY:
the degree to which a research investigation obtains similar results when it is conducted again under the same conditions on all occasions
REPRODUCABILITY:
how close the results are to each other when an investigation is replicated under changed conditions
