SEMESTER 2 EXAM REVISION:

Question 1

WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Answer 1

the nervous system is a network of cells that enables the ability for the brain to receive information to coordinate a response.
(receives info in and out of body)

Question 2

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NS?

Answer 2

• receives information
• process information
• coordinates a response (to informaion)

Question 3

EXAMPLE OF RECEIVE, PROCESS AND RESPOND?

Answer 3

Process: Brain – ‘It is really hot outside today, I regret wearing a jumper on my walk to the train station! I am going to take my jumper off.”
Respond: Person takes jumper off – is no longer hot!

Question 4

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Answer 4

• process information received through sensory systems and other parts of the body to activate actions
  -located in middle of the body
• consist of brain and spinal cord

Question 5

WHAT IS THE BRAIN?

Answer 5

network of cells that processes information receieved from nerves

Question 6

WHAT IS THE SPINAL CORD?

Answer 6

• long, thin bundle of nerve tissue that extends from brain to lower back

Question 7

2 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD?

Answer 7

1. receives motor information to the brain and sends it to parts of the body to control glands, muscles etc.
2. receives sensory information and sends to the brain for processing

Question 8

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Answer 8

entire network of nerves located outside the CNS that transmits information to and from CNS

Question 9

TWO DIVISIONS OF PERIPHERAL NS?

Answer 9

SOMATIC NS: VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
AUTONOMIC NS: INVOLUNRARY MOVEMENT

Question 10

SOMATIC NS (peripheral ns)

Answer 10

carries sensory information to the CNS and motor information from the CNS
sensory information is recieved at sensory receptor sites in the body and carried along sensory neural pathways.

Question 11

AUTONOMIC NS (peripheral ns)

Answer 11

• network of nerves that carries messages between the CNS, heart, lungs. glands etc
• ANS regulates, or controls
• has 3 divisions = parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric

Question 12

SYMPATHETIC NS

Answer 12

Arouses the body when experiencing extreme emotions, for e.g.
flight or fight response, increase HR, dilated eyes, sweating and hotness

Question 13

PARASYSTEMATIC NS

Answer 13

Calms or restores the body to its normal state of functioning.
Returns body to homeostasis.
relaxing state, normal HR, eyes constrict, cooler
(returns body back to homeostasis).

Question 14

ENTERIC NS?

Answer 14

• branch of autonomic ns
• the ENS controls the activity of the gastrointestinal tract or gut
• located stomach

Question 15

VAGUS NERVE?

Answer 15

one of your body’s longest nerves extending from brain to gut.

Question 16

THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS?

Answer 16

The gut is often referred to as a 2nd brain.

Question 17

THE MICROBIOME?

Answer 17

a group of living organisms found as part of your microbiota good bacteria that we want from your body

Question 18

LOCK AND KEY PROCESS?

Answer 18

• a neurotransmitters shape must precisely match the distinct shape of the receptor site on the post synaptic neuron’s dendrites in order to bind to its receptors.
• the binding unlocks the post synaptic neuron’s response so that the neurotransmitters causes changes to the neuron
• resulting to excitatory or inhibitory effect

Question 19

EXCITATORY EFFECT?

Answer 19

• neurotransmitters with excitatory effects will activate postsynaptic neurons to perform its actions

Question 20

INHIBITORY EFFECT?

Answer 20

• neurotransmitters with inhibitory effects will block/prevent post-synaptic neurons from firing (performing its actions).

Question 21

GLUTAMATE?

Answer 21

• enhances information transmission by making postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
• primary excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS
• involves in learning, memory and movement

Question 22

GAMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)?

Answer 22

• primary inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS
• works throughout the brain to make the post-synaptic neurons less likely to fire

Question 23

WHAT IS NEUROMODULATOR?

Answer 23

neuromodulator is a chemical messenger that affects a diverse population of neurons

Question 24

WHAT DO NEUROMODULATORS DO?

Answer 24

• influence effects on other chemical messengers
• affect a large number of neurons at the same time

Question 25

DOPAMINE AS A NEUROMODULATOR?

Answer 25

heavily involved in our emotions to seek for rewards
- impacts on range of functions

Question 26

SEROTONIN AS A NEUROMODULATOR?

Answer 26

plays a role in ‘moderating’ our mood.

Question 27

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS SIMILARITIES?

Answer 27

• both are chemical substances
• impact on our behavior and functioning

Question 28

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS DIFFERENCES?

Answer 28

neurotransmitters:
- rapid effect, lasts a short period of time
- affects on one-two post-synaptic targets
neuromodulators:
- slow but long lasting effects
- affects on a group of post-synaptic targets

Question 29

WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OS NEURONS?

Answer 29

Sensory neuron: found primarily in PNS
Interneurons: found primarily in only the CNS
Motor neurons: found primarily in PNS

Question 30

SENSORY NEURONS?

Answer 30

• also called afferent neurons (effect)
• receive and carry sensory information
• this information is received from both our external and internal environment then transmitted to the CNS

Question 31

MOTOR NEURONS?

Answer 31

• also called efferent neurons (exit)
• carry messages from the CNS to the cells in skeletal muscles to stimulate activity
• enable muscles so we can move, walk or speak

Question 32

INTERNEURONS?

Answer 32

• act as a link between sensory and motor neurons, relaying information from one to the other

Question 33

Neural Plasticity?

Answer 33

• neural plasticity is the ability of the brain’s function to be changed by experiences throughout the lifespan

Question 34

LONG-TERM PONTENTIATION? (LTP)

Answer 34

• refers to long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections

Question 35

LONG-TERM DEPRESSION? (LTD)

Answer 35

• opposite of LTP
• long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission