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PSYCH1&2 > END OF SEM 1 EXAM REVISION > Flashcards

END OF SEM 1 EXAM REVISION Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS SOCIAL COGNITION?

A

how we interpret, analyse and remember and use this information to make judgements of others in different social situations.

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2
Q

DEFINE PERSON PERCEPTION?

A

the mental process we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about personal characteristic of others.

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3
Q

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE?

A

important characteristic of first impression

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4
Q

THE HALO AFFECT

A

is a cognitive bias in which the impression we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the persons nd their qualities.

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5
Q

WHAT IS SALIENCE DETECTIONS? and give examples

A

refers to any personal characteristics that is distinctive or noticeable which attracts attention.
e.g. race, gender, physical appearance and clothing.

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6
Q

STEREOTYPE?

A

assumptions we make of people who belong in certain groups

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7
Q

WHAT IS PERSON PERCEPTION BASED ON?

A
  • physical appearance
  • eye contact
  • facial expression
  • body language
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8
Q

EXAMPLE OF PERSON PERCEPTION?

A

e.g. when you meet a new co-worker and they are happy, you perceive them as friendly or generous person.

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9
Q

BODY LANGUAGE

A

a physical behavior that allows us to make quick judgements of others.

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10
Q

EYE CONTACT

A

eye to eye direct contact of another person

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11
Q

TYPES OF EYE CONTACT:
- too much
- not enough
- maintained

A

TOO MUCH: ANGER, OR THREAT
NOT ENOUGH: BOREDOM, DIS INTEREST
MAINTAINED: HONEST AND LIKEABLE

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12
Q

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

A

facial expressions that convey emotions and attitudes

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13
Q

PERSONAL SPACE

A

a personal bubble that indicates our personal territory

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14
Q

INTERPERSONAL SPACE

A

how close and far away should and individual be when communicating with others

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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE TRI=COMPONENT MODEL OF ATTITUDES (ABC)

A

3 components of behavior:
(affective, behavioral, cognitive)

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16
Q

AFFECTIVE COMPONENT:

A

the emotional or feeling of an attitude

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17
Q

BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT:

A

our actions towards an attitude

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18
Q

COGNITIVE COMPONENT:

A

reflects on what a person believes to be true

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19
Q

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

A

the feeling of discomfort or guilt because they are behaving differently from how they usually behave.

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20
Q

HOW CAN STEREOTYPES BE HARMFUL?

A
  • over-generalised
  • inaccurate information
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21
Q

DEFINE PREJUDICE?

A

negative attitudes towards another person or social group

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22
Q

DEFINE DISCRIMINATION?

A

negative or positive behaviors towards a social group and its members.

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23
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PREJUDICE :

A
  • believe that they’re more powerful and important than the minority group
    -believeing they are superior
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24
Q

DIRECT DISCRIMINATION?

A

treating someone differently because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.

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25
Q

INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION?

A

treating everybody the same but it disadvantages because of someones personal characteristic.

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26
Q

DIF BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION?

A

PREJUDICE IS THE ATTITUDE WHILE DISCRIMINATION IS THE BEHAVIOUR

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27
Q

INTERGROUP CONTACT?

A

intergroup contact is a way prejudice can be reduced by increasing contact between 2 groups who are prejudiced against eachother.

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28
Q

COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS?

A

changes a way in which someone thinks about prejudice

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29
Q

HOW TO REDUCE PREJUDICE?
I.C C.I

A

intergroup contact and cognitive interventions

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30
Q

WHAT IS D.E.A.

A

D. Define the key terms, by giving their precise meaning
E. Explain the key terms, concepts, models or theories in relation to the scenario, including examples
A. Answer the command term in the question

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31
Q

AIM

A

reflects on what the researcher wants to find out

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32
Q

IV

A

what’s manipulated or changed, what’s being studied

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33
Q

DV

A

what’s being observed in the experimental situation (outcome factor or effect teh iv has on the behaviour).

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34
Q

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE

A

a variable other than the dv that may cause change in dv or affect result.

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35
Q

POPULATION

A

ENTIRE GROUP OF RESEARH INTEREST

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36
Q

SAMPLE

A

part of the population that is selected for research purposes (those who participated in the study)

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37
Q

RANDOM SAMPLING:

A

ensures all member of research interest have a fair chance on becoming selected part of the sample e.g. from a hat or wheel.

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38
Q

ADV AND LIM OF RANDOM SAMPLING:

A

adv: free from researcher bias

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39
Q

STRARTIFIED SAMPLING

A

researching dividing sampled groups based on characteristics they share.

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40
Q

ADV AND LIM OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING

A

adv: allows us to sample specific groups
lim: time-consuming (expensive procedure)

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41
Q

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING:

A

Is a commonly used biased sample technique
e.g. asking ppl to volunteer via news paper article, Selecting people who walk past you in the school yard​, Choosing participants because they are family, friends or classmates.

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42
Q

RANDOM ALLOCATION

A

PROCEDURE TO RANDOMLY ALLOCATE PARTICIPANTS INTO GROUPS
(TOSS A COIN, NAMES OUT OF A BOX)

43
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 SUBJECT DESIGNS?

A

Between, Within and mixed design

44
Q

WHAT IS between SUBJECT DESIGN?

A

participants are randomly allocated in either the experimental group or control group. Each group completes the condition they are assigned, then results see if iv had an effect on dv.

45
Q

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BETWEEN SUBJECT?

A

ADV: QUICKER
LIM: OFTEN NEEDS A LARGER SAMPLE

46
Q

WHAT IS WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN?

A

EACH PARTICIPANTS ARE IN BOTH THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP, EACH GROUP COMPLETE BOTH THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THEN WE SEE IF THE IV HAD EFFECT ON DV.

47
Q

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN?

A

ADV: REQUIRED SMALL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE DESIGN BECAUSE ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE DOING BOTH CONDITIONS
LIM: POSSIBLY CAN GAIN PRACTICE ONCE DOING THE EXPERIMENT THE 2ND TIME

48
Q

WHAT IS MIXED DESIGN?

A

COMBINES BOTH WITHIN SUJECT DESIGN AND BETWEEN SUBJECT DESIGN (BEFORE AND AFTER)

49
Q

ADV AND LIM OF MIXED DESIGN?

A

ADV: Required small numbers of participants for the design
LIM: High rates of participants withdrawal

50
Q

QUALITATIVE DATA

A

QUALITATIVE DATA IS INFORMATION THAT IS IN THE FORM OF DESCRIPTIONS, WORDS, MEANINGS AND PICTURES.

51
Q

QUANTITATIVE DATA

A

QUANTITATIVE DATA IS INFORMATION EXPRESSED NUMERICALLY

52
Q

PRIMARY DATA

A

PRIMARY DATA IS INFORMATION COLLECTED DIRECLY FROM SOURCE BY TEH RESEARCCHER FOR THEIR OWN SPECIFIC PURPOSE

53
Q

SECONDARY DATA

A

SECONDARY DATA IS NOT INFORMATIO COLLECTED DIRECTLY FROM THE RESEARCHER BUT WAS COLLECTED AT AN EARLIER TIME BY SOMEONE ELSE.

54
Q

SUBJECTIVE DATA

A

INFORMATION BASED ON PERSONAL OPINION, INTERPRETATION, POINT OF VIEW JUDGEMENT

55
Q

OBJECTIVE DATA

A

OBJECTIVE DATA IS INFORMATION THAT IS OBSERVABLE, MEASURABLE AND FREE FROM RESARCHER BIAS

56
Q

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A

refers to results obtained from a study can be generalised to the population which the sample is drawn to.

57
Q

INTERNAL VALIDITY

A

results from a study are due to the variable being tested.

58
Q

SITUATIONAL VARIABLE

A

aspects of environment that may affect the participants behavior. e.g. sound of music, temperature or lighting.

59
Q

CONTROLLED VARIABLE

A

a variable which is constant and unchanged throughout the experiment
- age, gender etc

60
Q

VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:

A

Ensures theres no pressure put on the participant to partake the experiment

61
Q

WITHDRAWAL RIGHTS:

A

a participant is able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time.

62
Q

INFORMED CONSENT:

A

ensures participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment before agreeing into the experiment. must occur on proper documentation - such as a consent form. People who are unable to give consent should get a parent or guardian tp provide this.

63
Q

CONFIDENTIALITY

A

privacy and protection of participants personal information in a experiment (making sure its all anonymous)

64
Q

DECEPTION

A

making sure participants know the true purpose of the experiment and the affects it may have

65
Q

DEBRIEFING:

A

ensures at the end of the experiment, participants understand the purpose of the experiment (aim, results, etc)

66
Q

CONVERGENCE

A

Involves the 2 eyes turning inwards to focus on objects that are very close

67
Q

INTERPOSITION

A

(overlap) is when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the one partially covered appears further away

68
Q

TEXTURE GRADIENT

A

gradual reduction in detail in a surface as it recedes to the distance (as compared with fine detail upclose).

69
Q

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:

A

is the apparent convergence of parallel lines when receding to the distance.

70
Q

RELATIVE SIZE

A

bigger objects can be percieved as closer in a visual field and smaller objects percieved further away.

71
Q

HEIGHT IN THE VISUAL FIELD

A

objects closer to the horizon an be percieved as further away, rather than objects further to the horizon to be closer.

72
Q

FIGUREGROUND

A

observer separating important aspects of the visual field into figure which stands out from the ground (surroundings).

73
Q

CLOSURE

A

Perceptual tendency to fill in or ignore gaps of visual stimulus to perceive it as complete.

74
Q

SIMILARITY

A

perceptual tendency to percieve parts of the stimulus are similiar, which have smilar, colour, size shape, etc

75
Q

PROXIMITY

A

tendency to perceive parts of visual stimulus which are close together as belonging together

76
Q

DEPTH PERCEPTION:

A

ability to estimate the distance of objects

77
Q

DEPTH CUES

A

using sources from the environment of within our bodies to percieve objects as further away.

78
Q

SENSATION?

A

is the process where our sensory receptors and sense organs detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them.

79
Q

PERCEPTION?

A

process where we give meaning to sensory information

80
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND SENSATION?

A

SENSATION: DETECTS AND RESPONDS TO SENSORY INFORMATION (passive process)
PERCEPTION: GIVES MEANING TO INFORMATION (active process)

81
Q

RETINAL DISPARITY?

A

(binocular)
a visual depth cue based on differences or disparity of retinal images

82
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MINOCULAR AND BINOCULAR

A

BINOCULAR:
Rely on the use of both eyes, such as convergence and retinal disparity.
MONOCULAR:
Can be used with one eye, such as accommodation, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and height in the visual field.

83
Q

PERCEPTUAL DISORTIONS

A

a perceptual distortion refers to a inconsistently, or ‘mismatch’ between perceptual experience and physical reality

84
Q

VISUAL ILLUSIONS

A

visual illusions is the misinterpretation of real sensory information

85
Q

MULLER-LYER-ILLUSION

A

is visual illusion in which 2 lines same length, each had opposite shape ends is incorrectly perceived as longer than the other.

86
Q

RESEARCH QUESTION:

A

answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.

87
Q

PARTICIPANT VARIABLE:

A

how each participant is different from each other and how this may impact results
e.g. concentration level or nerves

88
Q

EXPERIMENTER VARIABLE:

A

variables surrounding the influence of the experimenter

89
Q

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS?

A

cues in an experiment that may influence or bias a participants response.

90
Q

PLACEBO AFFECT:

A

Participants experience changes due to their expectations rather than the actual treatment.

91
Q

SOURCES OF ERROR?

A

random, systematic and personal errors

92
Q

PERSONAL ERRORS?

A

personal errors are faults entirely sourced by the researcher, which is why they are also called human errors.
e.g. mistake or miscalculations

93
Q

WHAT ARE THE ETHIC CONCEPTS? (5)

A

BENEFECINE
INTERGRITY
NON-MALEFICIENCE
JUSTICE
RESPECT

94
Q

BENEFECINE?

A

Involves maximizing benefits and minimizing harm to participants in research.

95
Q

INTEGRITY?

A

The commitment to search for knowledge and understanding

96
Q

NON-MALEFICENCE?

A

the obligation of a physician to not harm a patient

97
Q

JUSTICE

A

to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims (FAIRNESS)

98
Q

HYPOTHESIS

A

prediction of the relationship between 2 or more variables
- POPULATION
- IV
-DV
- DIRECTION

99
Q

DATA AND MEASURABLE?

A
  • UNCERTAINLY
  • ACCURACY
  • PRECISION
100
Q

UNCERTAINLY?

A

incorrect/missing data

101
Q

ACCURACY VS PRERCISION?

A

Accuracy is closeness to true value, precision is consistency of repeated measurements.

102
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Include mean, median, and mode to represent the center of a data set.

103
Q

RELIABILITY:

A

Consistency and dependability of a measurement instrument or procedure over time.

104
Q

VALIDITY:

A

Extent to which a test or experiment measures what it is intended to measure, ensuring accuracy.

PSYCH1&2 (24 decks)

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