END OF SEM 1 EXAM REVISION Flashcards
WHAT IS SOCIAL COGNITION?
how we interpret, analyse and remember and use this information to make judgements of others in different social situations.
DEFINE PERSON PERCEPTION?
the mental process we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about personal characteristic of others.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE?
important characteristic of first impression
THE HALO AFFECT
is a cognitive bias in which the impression we form about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the persons nd their qualities.
WHAT IS SALIENCE DETECTIONS? and give examples
refers to any personal characteristics that is distinctive or noticeable which attracts attention.
e.g. race, gender, physical appearance and clothing.
STEREOTYPE?
assumptions we make of people who belong in certain groups
WHAT IS PERSON PERCEPTION BASED ON?
- physical appearance
- eye contact
- facial expression
- body language
EXAMPLE OF PERSON PERCEPTION?
e.g. when you meet a new co-worker and they are happy, you perceive them as friendly or generous person.
BODY LANGUAGE
a physical behavior that allows us to make quick judgements of others.
EYE CONTACT
eye to eye direct contact of another person
TYPES OF EYE CONTACT:
- too much
- not enough
- maintained
TOO MUCH: ANGER, OR THREAT
NOT ENOUGH: BOREDOM, DIS INTEREST
MAINTAINED: HONEST AND LIKEABLE
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
facial expressions that convey emotions and attitudes
PERSONAL SPACE
a personal bubble that indicates our personal territory
INTERPERSONAL SPACE
how close and far away should and individual be when communicating with others
WHAT ARE THE TRI=COMPONENT MODEL OF ATTITUDES (ABC)
3 components of behavior:
(affective, behavioral, cognitive)
AFFECTIVE COMPONENT:
the emotional or feeling of an attitude
BEHAVIOURAL COMPONENT:
our actions towards an attitude
COGNITIVE COMPONENT:
reflects on what a person believes to be true
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
the feeling of discomfort or guilt because they are behaving differently from how they usually behave.
HOW CAN STEREOTYPES BE HARMFUL?
- over-generalised
- inaccurate information
DEFINE PREJUDICE?
negative attitudes towards another person or social group
DEFINE DISCRIMINATION?
negative or positive behaviors towards a social group and its members.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PREJUDICE :
- believe that they’re more powerful and important than the minority group
-believeing they are superior
DIRECT DISCRIMINATION?
treating someone differently because of a personal characteristic protected by the law.
INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION?
treating everybody the same but it disadvantages because of someones personal characteristic.
DIF BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION?
PREJUDICE IS THE ATTITUDE WHILE DISCRIMINATION IS THE BEHAVIOUR
INTERGROUP CONTACT?
intergroup contact is a way prejudice can be reduced by increasing contact between 2 groups who are prejudiced against eachother.
COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS?
changes a way in which someone thinks about prejudice
HOW TO REDUCE PREJUDICE?
I.C C.I
intergroup contact and cognitive interventions
WHAT IS D.E.A.
D. Define the key terms, by giving their precise meaning
E. Explain the key terms, concepts, models or theories in relation to the scenario, including examples
A. Answer the command term in the question
AIM
reflects on what the researcher wants to find out
IV
what’s manipulated or changed, what’s being studied
DV
what’s being observed in the experimental situation (outcome factor or effect teh iv has on the behaviour).
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
a variable other than the dv that may cause change in dv or affect result.
POPULATION
ENTIRE GROUP OF RESEARH INTEREST
SAMPLE
part of the population that is selected for research purposes (those who participated in the study)
RANDOM SAMPLING:
ensures all member of research interest have a fair chance on becoming selected part of the sample e.g. from a hat or wheel.
ADV AND LIM OF RANDOM SAMPLING:
adv: free from researcher bias
STRARTIFIED SAMPLING
researching dividing sampled groups based on characteristics they share.
ADV AND LIM OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING
adv: allows us to sample specific groups
lim: time-consuming (expensive procedure)
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING:
Is a commonly used biased sample technique
e.g. asking ppl to volunteer via news paper article, Selecting people who walk past you in the school yard, Choosing participants because they are family, friends or classmates.
RANDOM ALLOCATION
PROCEDURE TO RANDOMLY ALLOCATE PARTICIPANTS INTO GROUPS
(TOSS A COIN, NAMES OUT OF A BOX)
WHAT ARE THE 3 SUBJECT DESIGNS?
Between, Within and mixed design
WHAT IS between SUBJECT DESIGN?
participants are randomly allocated in either the experimental group or control group. Each group completes the condition they are assigned, then results see if iv had an effect on dv.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BETWEEN SUBJECT?
ADV: QUICKER
LIM: OFTEN NEEDS A LARGER SAMPLE
WHAT IS WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN?
EACH PARTICIPANTS ARE IN BOTH THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP, EACH GROUP COMPLETE BOTH THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. THEN WE SEE IF THE IV HAD EFFECT ON DV.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN?
ADV: REQUIRED SMALL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE DESIGN BECAUSE ALL PARTICIPANTS ARE DOING BOTH CONDITIONS
LIM: POSSIBLY CAN GAIN PRACTICE ONCE DOING THE EXPERIMENT THE 2ND TIME
WHAT IS MIXED DESIGN?
COMBINES BOTH WITHIN SUJECT DESIGN AND BETWEEN SUBJECT DESIGN (BEFORE AND AFTER)
ADV AND LIM OF MIXED DESIGN?
ADV: Required small numbers of participants for the design
LIM: High rates of participants withdrawal
QUALITATIVE DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA IS INFORMATION THAT IS IN THE FORM OF DESCRIPTIONS, WORDS, MEANINGS AND PICTURES.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
QUANTITATIVE DATA IS INFORMATION EXPRESSED NUMERICALLY
PRIMARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA IS INFORMATION COLLECTED DIRECLY FROM SOURCE BY TEH RESEARCCHER FOR THEIR OWN SPECIFIC PURPOSE
SECONDARY DATA
SECONDARY DATA IS NOT INFORMATIO COLLECTED DIRECTLY FROM THE RESEARCHER BUT WAS COLLECTED AT AN EARLIER TIME BY SOMEONE ELSE.
SUBJECTIVE DATA
INFORMATION BASED ON PERSONAL OPINION, INTERPRETATION, POINT OF VIEW JUDGEMENT
OBJECTIVE DATA
OBJECTIVE DATA IS INFORMATION THAT IS OBSERVABLE, MEASURABLE AND FREE FROM RESARCHER BIAS
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
refers to results obtained from a study can be generalised to the population which the sample is drawn to.
INTERNAL VALIDITY
results from a study are due to the variable being tested.
SITUATIONAL VARIABLE
aspects of environment that may affect the participants behavior. e.g. sound of music, temperature or lighting.
CONTROLLED VARIABLE
a variable which is constant and unchanged throughout the experiment
- age, gender etc
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:
Ensures theres no pressure put on the participant to partake the experiment
WITHDRAWAL RIGHTS:
a participant is able to discontinue their involvement in an experiment at any time.
INFORMED CONSENT:
ensures participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment before agreeing into the experiment. must occur on proper documentation - such as a consent form. People who are unable to give consent should get a parent or guardian tp provide this.
CONFIDENTIALITY
privacy and protection of participants personal information in a experiment (making sure its all anonymous)
DECEPTION
making sure participants know the true purpose of the experiment and the affects it may have
DEBRIEFING:
ensures at the end of the experiment, participants understand the purpose of the experiment (aim, results, etc)
CONVERGENCE
Involves the 2 eyes turning inwards to focus on objects that are very close
INTERPOSITION
(overlap) is when one object partially blocks or covers another, and the one partially covered appears further away
TEXTURE GRADIENT
gradual reduction in detail in a surface as it recedes to the distance (as compared with fine detail upclose).
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:
is the apparent convergence of parallel lines when receding to the distance.
RELATIVE SIZE
bigger objects can be percieved as closer in a visual field and smaller objects percieved further away.
HEIGHT IN THE VISUAL FIELD
objects closer to the horizon an be percieved as further away, rather than objects further to the horizon to be closer.
FIGUREGROUND
observer separating important aspects of the visual field into figure which stands out from the ground (surroundings).
CLOSURE
Perceptual tendency to fill in or ignore gaps of visual stimulus to perceive it as complete.
SIMILARITY
perceptual tendency to percieve parts of the stimulus are similiar, which have smilar, colour, size shape, etc
PROXIMITY
tendency to perceive parts of visual stimulus which are close together as belonging together
DEPTH PERCEPTION:
ability to estimate the distance of objects
DEPTH CUES
using sources from the environment of within our bodies to percieve objects as further away.
SENSATION?
is the process where our sensory receptors and sense organs detect and respond to sensory information that stimulates them.
PERCEPTION?
process where we give meaning to sensory information
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND SENSATION?
SENSATION: DETECTS AND RESPONDS TO SENSORY INFORMATION (passive process)
PERCEPTION: GIVES MEANING TO INFORMATION (active process)
RETINAL DISPARITY?
(binocular)
a visual depth cue based on differences or disparity of retinal images
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MINOCULAR AND BINOCULAR
BINOCULAR:
Rely on the use of both eyes, such as convergence and retinal disparity.
MONOCULAR:
Can be used with one eye, such as accommodation, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and height in the visual field.
PERCEPTUAL DISORTIONS
a perceptual distortion refers to a inconsistently, or ‘mismatch’ between perceptual experience and physical reality
VISUAL ILLUSIONS
visual illusions is the misinterpretation of real sensory information
MULLER-LYER-ILLUSION
is visual illusion in which 2 lines same length, each had opposite shape ends is incorrectly perceived as longer than the other.
RESEARCH QUESTION:
answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue.
PARTICIPANT VARIABLE:
how each participant is different from each other and how this may impact results
e.g. concentration level or nerves
EXPERIMENTER VARIABLE:
variables surrounding the influence of the experimenter
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS?
cues in an experiment that may influence or bias a participants response.
PLACEBO AFFECT:
Participants experience changes due to their expectations rather than the actual treatment.
SOURCES OF ERROR?
random, systematic and personal errors
PERSONAL ERRORS?
personal errors are faults entirely sourced by the researcher, which is why they are also called human errors.
e.g. mistake or miscalculations
WHAT ARE THE ETHIC CONCEPTS? (5)
BENEFECINE
INTERGRITY
NON-MALEFICIENCE
JUSTICE
RESPECT
BENEFECINE?
Involves maximizing benefits and minimizing harm to participants in research.
INTEGRITY?
The commitment to search for knowledge and understanding
NON-MALEFICENCE?
the obligation of a physician to not harm a patient
JUSTICE
to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims (FAIRNESS)
HYPOTHESIS
prediction of the relationship between 2 or more variables
- POPULATION
- IV
-DV
- DIRECTION
DATA AND MEASURABLE?
- UNCERTAINLY
- ACCURACY
- PRECISION
UNCERTAINLY?
incorrect/missing data
ACCURACY VS PRERCISION?
Accuracy is closeness to true value, precision is consistency of repeated measurements.
Measures of Central Tendency
Include mean, median, and mode to represent the center of a data set.
RELIABILITY:
Consistency and dependability of a measurement instrument or procedure over time.
VALIDITY:
Extent to which a test or experiment measures what it is intended to measure, ensuring accuracy.
