U12 Flashcards
substance
chemical compounds ingested to alter mood or behaviour
psychoactive drugs
legal drugs
alter mood, behaviour, or both
polysubstance
use of multiple substances
substance use
ingestion of psychoactive substances in normal amounts (doesn’t interfere w day to day)
substance intoxication
experience impaired judgement mood changes, impaired motor ability, etc
based on type of drug, amounts and individuals biological reactions
substance use disorder
substance use interferes w life (job, relationship, etc)
addiction
number of symptoms required for mild moderate and severe substance use disorder (in last year)
mild = 2-3
moderate = 4-5
severe 6+
examples of physiological dependence
tolerance and withdrawal
example of psychological dependence
behavioural reactions to substance dependence (drug seeking behaviour)
levels of evolvement in substance use
- use
- intoxication
- abuse
- dependence
- withdrawal
diagnostic issues w substance use disorder
- substances might occur at the same time
- drug intoxication snd withdrawal cause increased risk taking
- relationship with mental health disorders
categories of substances
depressants
stimulants
opioids
hallucinogens
other
depressants
activate inhibitory centers in brain (GABA)
slow inhibitions and reaction time
(alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics)
effects of alcohol related disorders
- organ damage (liver)
- release of analgesics
- delirium tremens (hallucinations and body tremors)
- fetal alcohol syndrome
sedative vs hypnotic vs anxiolytic drugs
sedative = calming (barbiturates)
hypnotic = sleep inducing (benzos)
anxiolytic = anxiety reducing (benzos)
barbiturates are often used to overdose in __________ and benzos have _____ tolerance
suicide attempts
high
stimulants (+examples)
stimulate CNS
enhance activity of norepinephrine and dopamine
leads to hallucinations/delusions
(amphetamines , MDMA, cocaine, tobacco related , caffeine related)
amphetamines
- low levels can reduce fatigue
-behavioural symptoms (euphoria affect blunting, anxiety) - physiological effects (changes in HR and BP)
MDMA
- high risk of dependence
- can cause permanent damage
cocaine
- increases alertness, euphoria, BP, and pulse
- dopamine system impacted (bad withdrawal)
nicotine
- psychoactive
- stimulates pleasure pathways
- highly related to depression
caffeine
- elevates mood and decreases fatigue
- causes insomnia
opioids
- from opium poppy
- sleep inducing/pain relieving (analgesic)
- bad withdrawal
- affects norepinephrine
- high mortality rates
LSD
- easy to build tolerance
- limited withdrawal
- perceptual changes (intensification, depersonalization, hallucination)
- physical symptoms (pupillary dilation, rapid heart beat, sweating)
- bad trips
examples of hallucinogens
LSD
PCP
mushrooms
DMT
peyote
cannabis
- most used drug in canada
- alters perceptions
- mood swings
- impairment in memory, concentration, motivation, self esteem, and relationships
drugs in “other” catagory
inhalants
steroids
designer drugs
causes of substance use disorders
genetic vulnerability
neurobiological influences
psychological dimensions
genetic vulnerabilities that may lead to substance use disorders
- abnormalities in gene in chromosome 4 or DRDZ gene
- absence of ADH
neurobiological influences that may lead to substance use disorders
drugs affect on rewards centers (especially psychoactive)
psychological dimensions that may lead to substance use disorders
positive and negative reinforcement (take drug feel good vs don’t take drug and feel bad)
opponent process theory
biological treatment for substance use disorder
agonist substitution (take something w similar chemical makeup to addictive drug, ex. methadone buprenorphine)
antagonist treatment (block/counteract effects of psychoactive drug, ex. naltrexone)
aversive treatment (drugs that make ingesting abused substances unpleasant, ex. disaffirm, silver nitrate)
psychosocial treatment for substance use disorders
- impatient facilities
- AA
- component treatment
- relapse prevention
- harm reduction (controlled use, safe injection sites)
- education/community based programs
- motivational enhancement therapy (increases motivation to change behaviours)
impulse control disorders
gambling
intermittent explosive
kleptomania
pyromania
treatment for impulse control disorders
CBT
