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Movement science 2 > Typical Development of skeletal system and locomotion > Flashcards

Typical Development of skeletal system and locomotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth and development of the skeletal system and location is generally?

A
  • each stage of growth and development is affected by the preceding types of development
  • predictable sequence
  • each child is an individual
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2
Q

What are some prenatal factors that can impact growth

A
  • nutritional deficiencies (protein and calcium are important)
  • diabetic mother can impact the size and make them larger
  • exposure to radiation
  • smoking can produce smaller babies
  • mal-positions in utero
  • mom needs exercise to give baby proprioception and bones get stronger
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3
Q

Baby position during pregnancy:
-1. breech
- 2. incomplete breech
- 3. frank breech

A
  1. complete breech is the babies head is not down and both legs are flexed
  2. one leg is extended
  3. both legs are extended
    - if a baby stays in the position too long that can get hip dysplasia which can increase risk of hip dislocation
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4
Q

What are some postnatal factors that impact growth

A
  • socio-economic status of the family
  • child’s nutrition: infant weight affect step cycle, postural, and can cause bone deformities
  • Exposure to gross motor experiences can impact bone growth (they need to be stressed) and motor development
  • medications can impact bone growth - sometimes can be supplemented to help
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5
Q

Muscular system: development of fibers

A
  • type 1 fiber is matured at 21 weeks gestation
  • type 2 fibers matured at 31 weeks gestational
  • need to be perfected through development and strengthen
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6
Q

Growth of muscle

A
  • prenatally results from an increase in number of fibers (hyperplasia)
  • postnatally for increases in size of individual fibers (hypertrophy)
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7
Q

What is muscle growth impacted by

A
  • nutrition: lean beef, chicken, fish, pork, beans, nuts, low-fat dairy
  • exercise: fun activities, cycling, running, swimming, sport
  • Good sleeping Habits: repair muscle = 10 hours of sleep for children
  • strength training: light resistance and controlled movements
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8
Q

Early Skeletal system

A
  • head and trunk large in proportion to extremities with COM at Xiploid process
  • spine lacks secondary curves
  • growing bone is less dense and more porous than adult, more sensitive to compressive and tensile forces
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9
Q

LE alignment: newborns

A
  • femoral angle of inclination is 175 valgus?
  • acetabulum shallow and more vertical
  • 5-10º of internal tibial torsion
  • tibiofemoral angle 16ºvarus
  • 22º calcaneal varus
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10
Q

Hip
1. torsion
2. antetorsion
3. Version

A
  1. normal development of rotation on a long bone
  2. antetorsion: head and neck of femur is rotated forward ; forward twist of femoral shaft
  3. version: position of the head of the femur in the acetabulum (ante version is an anterior position)
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11
Q

Skeletal development: Wollf’s Law

A
  • after bone develops initially it can be changed by bone function adaptation
  • Mechanical forces –> bone, osteocyte and osteoblast activity –> bone structure growth
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12
Q

Bone development

A
  • Bones should not be as heavy as possible but rather stable as necessary
  • important to create conditions that stimulate bones to become more stable
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13
Q

Overview of skeletal development and bone mineral density

A
  • period of increase in bone mineral density: 1-4year old, puberty
  • high impact sports (gymnastics, volleyball, karate) or odd-impact sports (soccer, basketball, racquet sports) are associated with higher bone mineral density
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14
Q

11-12 months skeletal development

A
  • lumbar lordosis develops
  • weight bearing deepens acetabulum, muscular attachments pull and reshape bone
  • Wolff’s law
  • cole’s law
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15
Q

Tibiofemoral angle
1. 0-18 months
2. 13-30 months
3. 3-4 years
4. 8-10 years

A
  1. physiological varus
  2. at 18 months the angle is neutral
  3. tibiofemroal angle shows valgus alignment
  4. more in alignment and loss of most of the valgus alignment
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16
Q

Where does more of the increase in lengthen and heigh come from at the ages of 18 months to adolescence

A
  • primarily in the legs
17
Q

by 6 where is the COG

A
  • 3rd vertebrae (L3)
18
Q

6 years +: skeletal system

A
  • matures
  • tibiofemoral angle back to neutral from vagus seen at 3
  • heel position is now neutral
  • COG is 3rd vertebra
19
Q

6 years +: how the body grows

A
  • legs continue to account for most of height and increases until adolescence
  • from adolescence to adulthood growth in trunk accounts for 60% of height increase
  • skeletal maturity reached when epiphyseal closure is complete, about age 25 (can cause issues if damaged)
  • from age 7 and up standing balance reactions are adult-like
20
Q

Girls vs boys skeletal system growth differences

A

Girls:
- growth spurt 12-13 years old
- increase bone width until14
- increase bone length until 16

Boys
- growth spurt at 14-16
- bone width until 16
- bone length until adulthood

can change with nutrition

21
Q

NIH (BONE DENSITY) for bone growth and devlopment

A
  • bone mass peaks by their late twenties
  • at that point, bones have reached their max strength and density
  • up to 90% of peak bone mass is acquired by age 18 for girls and 20 in boys
22
Q

What other systems are important for musculoskeletal development

A
  • sensory and nervous system
23
Q

Sensory system development beyond 5

A
  • vestibular system matures by age 10-14
  • depth perception full developed by 12 yr/o
  • going to jump off surfaces = depth perception plays a big role, the ones who have this development are going to jump off and then develop MSK system
24
Q

Nervous system develops 5+ years

A
  • brain undergoes growth spurts around ages 6-8, 10-12, and 18 years of age
25
Q

Development of locomotion (order)

A
  • rolling
  • pivot prone: going incircles in prone position
  • belly crawling
  • hands and knees crawling
  • cruising
  • walking
26
Q

Gait: 11-12 months

A
  • equilibrium system still developing
  • different recruitment patterns during gait with frequent co-activation of quads, hamstrings, gastric, anterior tib
  • gastric/ant. tib during swin
  • quads and hamstrings during stance
  • may by due to decreased strength of muscles in antigravity position
  • gets them to understand which muscles get most efficient movement
27
Q

Gait: 18-24 months

A
  • efficiency of gait is improving
  • EMGs show decreased Co-contraction in antagonsitic muscle groups due to increased muscle control
  • uses more hip flexion than adults (less robotic)
  • consistent heel strike is present at 24 months and push off in stance occurs
28
Q

Locomotion/neuromuscular system: from 12 months to 6 years

A
  • children use Bottom up approach
  • EMG studies of standing shows muscular recruitment for standing balance strategies similar to those of adults by 11-12 months
  • control head movement
  • stabilize hips, shoulders, head
  • hips are a little more stiff
29
Q

6 years and older Neuromuscular system

A
  • by 7 years old there is top down organization
  • children have standing balance strategies similar to adults
  • head position with gravity by equilibrium control (no head lag)
30
Q

What is the gait characterisitc regression hypothesis

A
  • as we age we revert back to gait that an infant uses
  • shorter duration of limb stance
  • greater duration of double limb support
  • wide BOS
  • co activation of agonists and antagonists muscles during gait
31
Q

Plagiocephaly

A
  • head is misshapened
  • not only head abnormality there is but the most common
  • pressure that is applied over the skul consistently can mold the head into it
  • children will have poor vision with this
32
Q

Development of dysplasia of the hip

A
  • breech position is probably the most important single risk factor
  • ## keeping the legs in a naturally flexed and abducted position without restricting hip motion lessens the risk of DDH
33
Q

Barlow maneuver

A
  • the hip is first flexed and abducted then gradually adducted with pressure in posterior direction
  • dislocation of femoral head over posterior acetabulum indicates unstable hip
34
Q

Ortolani test:

A
  • the hip is dislocated in a position of flexion and adduction
  • apply flexion, abduction and slight traction
35
Q

Treat for DDH

A
  • depends on the age of the patient and the reducibility of the hip
  • birth to 6months the main treatment is an abducted brace like Pavlik harness
  • if this fails, closed reduction and spica casting is done
  • after the age of 18 months treatment usually consists of open reduction and hip reconstruction surgery
36
Q

Club foot

A
  • can be unilateral or bilateral
  • treated with splits of orthotics
  • foot is in inverted position
37
Q

Calcaneaovalgus

A
  • foot in dorsiflexed position
38
Q

Congenital talipes equinovarus

A
  • the most common congenital anomaly
  • incidence of one to two per 1000 live births
  • calcaneovalgus occurs most frequently followed by equinovarus deformity
  • 99% of cases, calcaneovalgus response to conservative treatment which involves passive manipulation by the mother and casting can be done

Movement science 2 (22 decks)

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