Reaching and grasping - UE function Flashcards

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1
Q

UE function

A
  • basis for fine motor skills
  • plays a role in gross motor skills like walking
  • contextual factors impact UE function (cognition, perception, environment)
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2
Q

Development of grasping

A
  • infants begin using hands and grasping in utero
  • hands together, hand to mouth, grasping umbilical cord
  • palmar grasp reflex is present at birth
  • develops with experience
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3
Q

Development of reaching: early infants

A
  • one of the first movements in infants (randomly swiping)
  • triggered by vision: arm movements change in presence of toy
  • initially this is not guided by vision
  • in 4.5 months they can grasp a moving objects
  • as they develop postural control, reaching and grasping control improves
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4
Q

Development of reaching at 18 weeks

A
  • begin to change strategy
  • use vision more
  • fewer movements and corrections
  • coincides with improvements in postural control like reaching
  • experience is important
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5
Q

Reaching development and strategies around 7 years old

A
  • stand and balance is more like adult
  • coincides with these improvements in postural control
  • children with impaired postural control or sensory processing often have difficulties with reaching and object manipulation
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6
Q

Reaching with locating a target

A
  • eye-hand-trunk coordination
  • vision: object location and guides movements of hand
  • reaching to objects located in far visual fields requires eye, head, and trunk movements
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7
Q

Kinematics of reaching and grasping: what is a critical part of UE function for reaching and what affects reaching phase of movement?

A
  • ability to adapt how we reach is critical part of UE functioning for different tasks
  • task constraints and goals (context) affect reaching phase of movement
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8
Q

Pointing vs grasping on EMG

A
  • pointing: not much of a deceleration
  • grasping: need to accelerate and decelerate to control
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9
Q

Neural control of reach and grasp: sensory information

A
  • correct errors during execution of movement
  • use proactively in helping to make the movement plan
  • refined using visual and perceptual information
  • essential for most reaching movements: proactive visual and somatosensory control (previous experience/prepared for what will happen)
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10
Q

Neutral control of reaching and grasping sensory Sytstems

A
  • visual feedback in reaching: related to attainment of final accuracy
  • reaching movements across midline slower and less accurate
  • normal adults show decrements when reaching to contralateral side of body
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11
Q

Precision grip formation

A
  • shaping of hand for grasping occurs during transportation component of the reach
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12
Q

Nervous system adapts precision grip

A

for difference weights and surface characteristics
- learned through experience
- precision grip requires more muscle activity than power grip

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13
Q

Grasping patterns: hand shapes

A
  • poke
  • pinch
  • clench
  • palm
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14
Q

grasping patterns: hand and finger movements

A
  • hand adapted to shape, size, use of object
  • finger movements timed in relation to transport so they close on object at appropriate moment
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15
Q

MSK considerations with grasping and reaching

A
  • joint ROM
  • spinal flexibility
  • muscle properties
  • biomechanical relationships among linked body segments
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16
Q

efficient reaching uses what strategies

A
  • both feedback and feedforward
  • feedforward/anticipatory = previous experience
17
Q

Reaching and secondary cognitive task

A
  • reaching performance like postural and gait control requires attention
  • complexity of both motor and secondary task contributes to extent of dual task interference in young adults