Typical Development 4 months to 12 months

Question 1

Stage one sitting

Answer 1

• 3-4 months
• propped on extended arms
• sill needs helps for balance
• active head control present with improving trunk extension
• upper and Lower extremities beginning to move away from body for function
• wide BOS with use of hands
• no head lag

Question 2

Three to four months: standing

Answer 2

• stands easily with upper trunk or extremities held
• cannot hold at the pelvis
• do not hold by hands will/will hold hands in standing position?

Question 3

Three to four months: Vision

Answer 3

• tracks with eye and head movement (go as a unit)
• notices hands
• beginning to perceive color nearly normal accommodation

Question 4

three to four months: hearing

Answer 4

• localizes sound left vs right (where the sound it from)
• calms to sound of familiar voice
• Guttural sounds for own pleasure

Question 5

Three to four months: social

Answer 5

• anticipates routine –sleep/feeding patterns
• responds with obvious pleasure to friendly handling

Question 6

rolling: 3 months

Answer 6

• begins to roll back to/from front more incidentally than purposefully

Question 7

rolling: 4-6 months

Answer 7

• intentional rolling with immature movement patterns
• this may correspond with the beginning of separation/individual stages of psychological development
• some are controlled by reflexes

Question 8

Rolling: 6-8 months

Answer 8

• mature segmental pattern of rolling with intention and purpose
• not experiment with movement

Question 9

Stage 2 sitting

Answer 9

• 5 months old
• can sit without arm support for 1 minute if placed –cannot transition into this position yet (must be placed)
• back fairly straight now, starting to weight shift – minimal
• balance losses but improving
• hip extensors becoming active, variety of LE positions seen (one leg may be extended)

Question 10

When does head on body and Body on body righting begin

Answer 10

• 2-6 months
• head on body
• body on body righting
• turn head and body follows
• head righting comes first
• or hip and legs move and then the trunk moves

Question 11

around 5 months:
- supine
- prone
- sitting
- standing

Answer 11

• rolls supine to prone
• takes weight on legs standing with support
• reaches for toys (prone)
• supine - reaches for feet
• supine transfers object hand to hand
• brings legs up – flexion in gravity

Question 12

STNR

Answer 12

• Start to see around 6-9 months
• often called the calling reflex
• disappears – approx 9-12 months old
• dilated by head movement
• head flexes and arms follow legs extended
• sitting can be a problem

Question 13

Protective Extension

Answer 13

• forward 5-6 months
• sideways 7-8 months
• backwards 9-10 months
• stays through adulthood

Question 14

What occurs during the 5-7 month period

Answer 14

• component skills now present, practice begins
• control of asymmetrical movement developing
• balance of flexion and extension

Question 15

5-7 months motor behavior in supine

Answer 15

• flexion control, will raise head, lift pelvis with hip flexion to explore feet
• rolling to side and often to prone
• eye-hand-mouth coordination
• direct and accurate reach for objects
• reciprocal kicking of legs

Question 16

5-7 months motor behavior in prone

Answer 16

• prone on hands with open palms weight shifting and reaching pivot
• latissimus lengthening to allow for more scapulohumeral dissociation
• rolling: prone to supine first – starts with log roll and develops segmentally later
• may commando crawl
• may open hands

Question 17

5-7 months: speech

Answer 17

• uses singsong vowel sounds repetitive

Question 18

5-7 months: sensory (vision)

Answer 18

• vision: learning texture, distance etc
• regards toy before reaching, improved depth perception and visual discrimination

Question 19

5-7 months: hearing

Answer 19

• localizes sound in any direction, learning to block out background noise, auditory discrimination

Question 20

stage 3 sitting

Answer 20

• sitting 6-7 months
• independent sitting
• extended periods of time
• reach overhead
• transition to prone beginning
• rotating w/o falling

Question 21

7-10: sitting

Answer 21

• now independent
• reaches across midline with trunk rotation
• starting to self-feed, develop different grasps, fine motor skill acquisition – developing all grasps
• get into and out of this position through quadruped (development sequence)
• weight shifting outside BOS independently

Question 22

7-10 months: motor behavior supine

Answer 22

• rolls actively supine to/from prone, hates supine (like to be upright)

Question 23

7-10 months: motor behavior prone

Answer 23

• pushes into quadruped rocks
• reaches onto surface from quadruped, pulls to stand with bearing on upper trunk – able to pull up using ams
• go into 1/2 kneel after a while

Question 24

7-10 months: Standing

Answer 24

• pulls to stand at surface will fall backward into sitting without control
• hands used for stability only, no fine motor activity
• may start to cruise

Question 25

7-10 months:
- quadruped
- movement phase

Answer 25

• quadruped creeping, heel sitting, W-sitting, side sitting, climbing
• trying to crawl, practicing/developing dissociation and coordination
• movement phase: environment exploration, will not stay in one position for long, constantly transitioning
• may start to cruse which is walking while holding onto a surface like chair

Question 26

what sitting positions can cause problems in kids

Answer 26

• W-sit: if they have neuromuscular problems = hip issues
• heel sit:

Question 27

Standing at 7-12 months

Answer 27

takes weight and will takes steps if hands are held

Question 28

7-12 months
- crawling
- standing

Answer 28

• crawling/develop freedom
• standing: takes weight, will take steps if hands are held and will bounce (their are more secure and will lift their feet up)
• cruises: walking with a surface

Question 29

7-12 months: vision/fine motor

Answer 29

• reaches for toy with one hand
• releases toy by dropping – not just putting it down
• object permanence: looks after objects even if they are moved out of view

Question 30

7-12 months: hearing/speech

Answer 30

• understands No, bye-bye, long, repetitive babbling

Question 31

7-12 months: social

Answer 31

• plays peek-a-boo, claps hands, can distinguish strangers from familiar people
• develop interactions with people through peek-a-boo

Question 32

11-12 months: motor behavior supine

Answer 32

• rolls to sidelying and pushes up into sitting

Question 33

11-12 months: motor behavior sitting

Answer 33

• varies leg positions uses this as transitional position
• develops fine motor skills during seated play
• beginning to develop backward protective extension

Question 34

11-12 months: quadruped

Answer 34

• good reciprocal creeping
• sometimes bears walks (precursor to walking)
• can play in kneeling

Question 35

11-12 months: standing

Answer 35

• can separate LE–UE and 1/2 kneel to get out
• can descend from standing with improved control, sometimes through 1/2 kneel
• may stand or walk alone, arms in high guard, poor balance
• trunk righting in standing begins to develop mature by around 21 months

Question 36

11-12 months: vision/fine motor

Answer 36

• neat pincer grasp for self-feeding
• points at desired objects
• looks in correct place for toy that has moved out of sight

Question 37

11-12 months: hearing/speech

Answer 37

• recognizes own name and simple commands, conversational babbling

Question 38

pincer grasp developing stages

Answer 38

• 7 months: just developing
• 8 months: thumb is really lateral
• 9 months: start to touch the index finger but still slightly lateral
• 10 months: pick up cheerios with using tip of index

Question 39

Palmar grasp

Answer 39

• bringing the fingers in toward the palm
• allowing babies to curl their fingers around an object

Question 40

raking grasp

Answer 40

• using the fingers other than the thumb like a rake, curling the top of the fingers over the object to bring items toward them
• 5 month

Question 41

inferior pincers grasp

Answer 41

using the pads of the the thumbs and index finger to pick up and hold objects this precursor to the pincer grasp usually takes place between 7-8 months of age
- 9 month

Question 42

a true pincer grasp

Answer 42

is when a child uses the tips of their fingers to pick up objects
- this is also called a superior or neat pincer grasp
- want to see this by 10 months

Question 43

11-12 months early walking

Answer 43

• UE/LE in flexion abduction and external rotation
• tend to have a wide BOS with abduction
• COM at lower thoracic level
• anterior pelvic tilt with wide BOS
• foot strikes either flat or in slight plantar flexion, hind foot pronated
• rapid cadence, short step length (keep balance)

Question 44

Practice walking

Answer 44

• infants practice walking
• 12-19 months old infants average 2368 steps and fall approximately 17 times
• distributed practice was better than massed practice
• variable practice – flexibility and boarder transfer vs blocked

Question 45

11-12 months: early walking EMG & activation of muscles

Answer 45

• muscular recruitment for standing balance strategies similar to those of adults
• COM is higher in babies
• difference in babies is frequent co-activation of quads, hamstrings, gastroc, anterior tib.
• gastroc/ant tibialis during swing
• quads/hamstrings during stance
• possible due to decreased strength of muscle in antigravity position
• learning to control each group

Question 46

11-12 months: skeletal system development

Answer 46

• lumbar lordosis develops w/ standing –some hyperlordosis that will go away
• weight bearing deepens acetabulum, muscular attachments pull and reshape bones through Wolff’s law (strengthens bones when stressed)
• more round acetabulum = reduced dislocation