typical development from 15 months to 5 years Flashcards
1
Q
When can a baby stand with assistance
A
7.6 months
2
Q
When can a baby independent stand
A
10-11 months
3
Q
when can a baby independent walk
A
12+/- months
4
Q
When does walk upstairs with a railing occur
A
18 months
5
Q
When does a heel strike and push off occur
A
2 years
6
Q
When does walking on toes occur
A
1.5-2.5 years
7
Q
When does running(fast walking occur?
when does running occur?
when does jumping occur?
A
- 2 years
- 2.5-3.5 years
- 2.5-3.5 years
8
Q
Walking/failling with dipers
A
- walking is impaired by constraints
- diapers constrain walking
9
Q
15 months gross motor
A
- walks everywhere, arms in mid-guard (often stopped by falling or bumping into obstacles
- gets self from sitting to standing through plantigrade
- creeps upstairs, sometimes down backward
- pushes large wheeled toys – can practice walking and increase BOS
- squats in play
- consistent anticipatory postural control in standing (80% of the time)
- beginning of staggering balance reactions not well coordinated until 6
10
Q
15 months: fine motor
A
- manipulates cubes, builds tower of 2
- palmar grasp of crayon and scribbles (pronated grasp)
- looks at picture books and pats page
- points index finger at desired object
11
Q
18 months social
A
- hold spoon and gets food to mouth, chews well; self feeds
- holds cup with 2 hands drinks without spilling much
- takes off shoes/socks, cannot put them on
- enjoys putting small objects into and taking them out of containers
12
Q
18 months: current motor development theory of development of gross motor skills up to walking is:
A
- driven by expression of genetic species-specific program (cannot compare to other species)
- skills beyond walking are learned and therefore must be part of the child’s environment for him or her to acquire and develop that skill
13
Q
18 months: vision
A
- considered dominant sense during transitional points in development when first learned new motor task
- such as sit to stand to squat
14
Q
18 months: muscular system:
A
- gait becoming more efficient with increase stability as COG continues to move downward toward LE
- child overcorrects to perturbation
- use of slow-twitch fibers become more apparent
- not as much co-contracting
15
Q
18 months skeletal system
A
- postural sway still very oscillatory because of high COG
- growth from now to adolescence occurs primarily in the legs
- tibiofemoral angle is not neutral – loss of varus
16
Q
two years old: Gross motor
A
- runs safely, able to stop, start, avoid obstacles
- squats to play, rises to feet without using hands
- sits on small tricycle, unable to pedal but will propel self with feet on ground
- kicks ball by walking into it
- throws ball overhand 5 feet
- catches ball by trapping against chest
- jumps off low step with one foot leading
- ascends stairs with rail, step-to pattern
17
Q
two years: fine motor
A
- holds pencil near point with primitive tripod grasp (near the tip)
- imitates vertical and horizontal lines (do the motion after they see it)
- turns pages one at a time
- builds tower of 6-7 cubes (1 inch cubes)
- turns doorknobs
- pulls pants up and down
18
Q
2 years: social
A
- asks for food or drink and develops politeness
- washes and dries hands
- imitates domestic activities in play
- parallel play (playing next to a partner)
- tantrums when frustrated trying to be understood (communication)
19
Q
2 years: vision
A
- will lose balance when presented with conflict visual and surface inputs
- ability to weigh proprioceptive input I snot yet developed
- need to learn heigh of surfaces
20
Q
2 years: Nervous system
A
- sensory processing areas of brain almost fully myelinated (no finite movement)
- cerebellar development complete
- previously rapid increase in cortical thickness begins to slow, steady increase but at a slower rate until adult
21
Q
2 years: skeletal system
A
- long bones are growing
- child now weighs around 27 pounds
- about 35 inches tall
- heavier babies have trouble walking and with balance
22
Q
2 years: Gait
A
- heel strike is now present
- decreased co-contraction in antagonistic muscle groups due to increased muscle control (can come back when needed)
23
Q
2.5 years: Gross motor
A
- walks up stairs and down holding railing with step to pattern
- stands on tip toe after demonstration
- jumps off surfaces
- jumps on floor a few inches in height
- can run about 30 feet in 6 seconds
24
Q
2.5 years: fine motor
A
- imitates horizontal line and circle sometimes also T and V
- pours liquid from one glass into another
25
2.5 years: hearing/speech
- who/what/why questions
26
2.5 years: social
- eats well with spoon, may use fork
- toilet trained
- very active, resistance to restrain
- little understanding of common dangers
- identifies major body parts
- starting to help dress self and can place arms in coats
27
3 years: fine motor
- draws person with head usually one or two other features
- matches two or three primary colors
- buttons and unbuttons clothing
- dysmetria (wavering before putting something down) with block stacking
28
4 year old: Gross motor
- able to trun sharp corners while running
- climbs ladders and trees
- stands on preferred foot 3-5 seconds, starting to hop
- throws with rotation of whole body
- can catch ball using hands
- arms swing reciprocally in running/walking
- can jump forward 30 inches with 2-footed take off and landing
29
4 year old: fine motor
- draws recognizable house
- hand preference now apparent
*always present pen in middle*
30
4 year old: hearing/speech
- listens to and tells long stores, confuses fact and fiction
- knows several nursery rhymes
- understands positional words such as under, behind, between
31
4 year old: social
- brushes teeth
- can dress and undress, may need help with fastenings
- understands past, present, and future time
- described as exuberant, self confident
32
4 year old: other system
- beginning to integrate visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular inputs to maintain balance with inconsistent performance (still not fully developed)
- ankle joint proprioception being fine tuned to prepare for increased role in postural control
(heal strike and push off)
33
5 years old: gross motor
- walks on narrow line, curb
- skips and gallops
- stands on one foot 8-10 seconds
- walks up and down stairs reciprocally, often without railing
- jumps sideways., can turn while jumping
- jumps over objects up to 8 inches high
- throws ball to target 10 feet away
- catches bounced ball with only hands
- fluid running
- imitates visual model of movement as in Simon says
34
5 years old: fine moto
- more control in writing, drawling, painting
- copies square triangle
35
5 years old: hearing/speech
- recites or sings rhymes, jingles
- lover to be read to or told stories
- has vocabulary of about 6,000 words
36
5 years old: social
- uses knife
- cooperative play with friends, understands need for rules and fair play
- most have learned to behave appropriately for place/situation
37
Three years old: gross motor
- alternate stairs
- rides trike
- hops on dominant foot
- at 3.5 they develop fear of falling and become clumsy
