typical development from 15 months to 5 years

Question 1

When can a baby stand with assistance

Answer 1

7.6 months

Question 2

When can a baby independent stand

Answer 2

10-11 months

Question 3

when can a baby independent walk

Answer 3

12+/- months

Question 4

When does walk upstairs with a railing occur

Answer 4

18 months

Question 5

When does a heel strike and push off occur

Answer 5

2 years

Question 6

When does walking on toes occur

Answer 6

1.5-2.5 years

Question 7

When does running(fast walking occur?
when does running occur?
when does jumping occur?

Answer 7

1. 2 years
2. 2.5-3.5 years
3. 2.5-3.5 years

Question 8

Walking/failling with dipers

Answer 8

• walking is impaired by constraints
• diapers constrain walking

Question 9

15 months gross motor

Answer 9

• walks everywhere, arms in mid-guard (often stopped by falling or bumping into obstacles
• gets self from sitting to standing through plantigrade
• creeps upstairs, sometimes down backward
• pushes large wheeled toys – can practice walking and increase BOS
• squats in play
• consistent anticipatory postural control in standing (80% of the time)
• beginning of staggering balance reactions not well coordinated until 6

Question 10

15 months: fine motor

Answer 10

• manipulates cubes, builds tower of 2
• palmar grasp of crayon and scribbles (pronated grasp)
• looks at picture books and pats page
• points index finger at desired object

Question 11

18 months social

Answer 11

• hold spoon and gets food to mouth, chews well; self feeds
• holds cup with 2 hands drinks without spilling much
• takes off shoes/socks, cannot put them on
• enjoys putting small objects into and taking them out of containers

Question 12

18 months: current motor development theory of development of gross motor skills up to walking is:

Answer 12

• driven by expression of genetic species-specific program (cannot compare to other species)
• skills beyond walking are learned and therefore must be part of the child’s environment for him or her to acquire and develop that skill

Question 13

18 months: vision

Answer 13

• considered dominant sense during transitional points in development when first learned new motor task
• such as sit to stand to squat

Question 14

18 months: muscular system:

Answer 14

• gait becoming more efficient with increase stability as COG continues to move downward toward LE
• child overcorrects to perturbation
• use of slow-twitch fibers become more apparent
• not as much co-contracting

Question 15

18 months skeletal system

Answer 15

• postural sway still very oscillatory because of high COG
• growth from now to adolescence occurs primarily in the legs
• tibiofemoral angle is not neutral – loss of varus

Question 16

two years old: Gross motor

Answer 16

• runs safely, able to stop, start, avoid obstacles
• squats to play, rises to feet without using hands
• sits on small tricycle, unable to pedal but will propel self with feet on ground
• kicks ball by walking into it
• throws ball overhand 5 feet
• catches ball by trapping against chest
• jumps off low step with one foot leading
• ascends stairs with rail, step-to pattern

Question 17

two years: fine motor

Answer 17

• holds pencil near point with primitive tripod grasp (near the tip)
• imitates vertical and horizontal lines (do the motion after they see it)
• turns pages one at a time
• builds tower of 6-7 cubes (1 inch cubes)
• turns doorknobs
• pulls pants up and down

Question 18

2 years: social

Answer 18

• asks for food or drink and develops politeness
• washes and dries hands
• imitates domestic activities in play
• parallel play (playing next to a partner)
• tantrums when frustrated trying to be understood (communication)

Question 19

2 years: vision

Answer 19

• will lose balance when presented with conflict visual and surface inputs
• ability to weigh proprioceptive input I snot yet developed
• need to learn heigh of surfaces

Question 20

2 years: Nervous system

Answer 20

• sensory processing areas of brain almost fully myelinated (no finite movement)
• cerebellar development complete
• previously rapid increase in cortical thickness begins to slow, steady increase but at a slower rate until adult

Question 21

2 years: skeletal system

Answer 21

• long bones are growing
• child now weighs around 27 pounds
• about 35 inches tall
• heavier babies have trouble walking and with balance

Question 22

2 years: Gait

Answer 22

• heel strike is now present
• decreased co-contraction in antagonistic muscle groups due to increased muscle control (can come back when needed)

Question 23

2.5 years: Gross motor

Answer 23

• walks up stairs and down holding railing with step to pattern
• stands on tip toe after demonstration
• jumps off surfaces
• jumps on floor a few inches in height
• can run about 30 feet in 6 seconds

Question 24

2.5 years: fine motor

Answer 24

• imitates horizontal line and circle sometimes also T and V
• pours liquid from one glass into another

Question 25

2.5 years: hearing/speech

Answer 25

• who/what/why questions

Question 26

2.5 years: social

Answer 26

• eats well with spoon, may use fork
• toilet trained
• very active, resistance to restrain
• little understanding of common dangers
• identifies major body parts
• starting to help dress self and can place arms in coats

Question 27

3 years: fine motor

Answer 27

• draws person with head usually one or two other features
• matches two or three primary colors
• buttons and unbuttons clothing
• dysmetria (wavering before putting something down) with block stacking

Question 28

4 year old: Gross motor

Answer 28

• able to trun sharp corners while running
• climbs ladders and trees
• stands on preferred foot 3-5 seconds, starting to hop
• throws with rotation of whole body
• can catch ball using hands
• arms swing reciprocally in running/walking
• can jump forward 30 inches with 2-footed take off and landing

Question 29

4 year old: fine motor

Answer 29

• draws recognizable house
• hand preference now apparent
  always present pen in middle

Question 30

4 year old: hearing/speech

Answer 30

• listens to and tells long stores, confuses fact and fiction
• knows several nursery rhymes
• understands positional words such as under, behind, between

Question 31

4 year old: social

Answer 31

• brushes teeth
• can dress and undress, may need help with fastenings
• understands past, present, and future time
• described as exuberant, self confident

Question 32

4 year old: other system

Answer 32

• beginning to integrate visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular inputs to maintain balance with inconsistent performance (still not fully developed)
• ankle joint proprioception being fine tuned to prepare for increased role in postural control
  (heal strike and push off)

Question 33

5 years old: gross motor

Answer 33

• walks on narrow line, curb
• skips and gallops
• stands on one foot 8-10 seconds
• walks up and down stairs reciprocally, often without railing
• jumps sideways., can turn while jumping
• jumps over objects up to 8 inches high
• throws ball to target 10 feet away
• catches bounced ball with only hands
• fluid running
• imitates visual model of movement as in Simon says

Question 34

5 years old: fine moto

Answer 34

• more control in writing, drawling, painting
• copies square triangle

Question 35

5 years old: hearing/speech

Answer 35

• recites or sings rhymes, jingles
• lover to be read to or told stories
• has vocabulary of about 6,000 words

Question 36

5 years old: social

Answer 36

• uses knife
• cooperative play with friends, understands need for rules and fair play
• most have learned to behave appropriately for place/situation

Question 37

Three years old: gross motor

Answer 37

• alternate stairs
• rides trike
• hops on dominant foot
• at 3.5 they develop fear of falling and become clumsy