Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
What characterizes type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance followed by a progressive decline in insulin production from beta-islet cells
What systems are affected by type 2 diabetes?
: It involves dysfunction across multiple systems, including impaired pancreatic beta-cell function, reduced glucose uptake by muscles, increased hepatic glucose production, and elevated lipolysis in fat.
What are typical blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes
Fasting blood glucose levels are greater than 7 mmol/L, and random levels are greater than 11.1 mmol/L.
Describe the pancreatic pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
The pancreas shows decreased insulin secretion, increased beta-cell apoptosis, reduced beta-cell mass, and hyperglucagonemia
Describe the adipocyte pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes
There is an increase in circulating fatty acids and hyperlipidemia
Describe the gut pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes
There is an impaired incretin effect
Describe the liver pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes
: The liver becomes insulin-resistant and shows increased glucose output
Describe the muscle pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes
Muscles become insulin-resistant
What are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Family history, overweight/obesity, abdominal fat, poor diet, low physical activity, age over 55, history of GDM, PCOS, and large babies
How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed
Through random/fasting blood glucose tests, an oral glucose tolerance test, and glycosylated hemoglobin concentration.
How is type 2 diabetes treated
Treatment includes diet, exercise, glycemic control, and medications like metformin, which lowers hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.
What are other medications used for type 2 diabetes
Sulfonylureas (insulin secretion), SGLT2 inhibitors (block renal glucose reabsorption), DPP-4 inhibitors (increase GLP-1), and GLP-1 receptor agonists
