Endocrine Disorders - and repo

Question 1

What causes acromegaly (gigantism

Answer 1

Acromegaly is caused by growth hormone hypersecretion, typically due to a GH-secreting pituitary tumor.

Question 2

What is hyperthyroidism, and what causes it?

Answer 2

Hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disorder where abnormal antibodies mimic TSH, causing excess thyroid hormone and T3/T4 production.

Question 3

What is hypothyroidism, and what causes it

Answer 3

: Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid due to insufficient thyroid hormone production, caused by a defect in the thyroid gland, TSH, or TRH release.

Question 4

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 4

: Hashimoto’s is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis driven by autoantigen production from TSH Receptor Type A.

Question 5

What causes hyperparathyroidism, and what are its effects?

Answer 5

Hyperparathyroidism is due to excess PTH, often from a tumor, leading to hypercalcemia, which can impact the nervous system, muscles, and kidneys.

Question 6

: What causes hypoparathyroidism, and what are its effects?

Answer 6

Hypoparathyroidism results from PTH deficiency, often due to trauma or removal, causing hypocalcemia and neuron hyperactivation.

Question 7

What is Cushing’s syndrome, and what causes it?

Answer 7

Cushing’s syndrome is caused by excess cortisol due to elevated ACTH from pituitary tumors.

Question 8

Describe the pathophysiology of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 8

A pituitary adenoma causes elevated ACTH, increasing cortisol, which disrupts normal cortisol cycles and suppresses CRH due to negative feedback.

Question 9

What is Addison’s disease, and what causes it

Answer 9

Addison’s disease is due to low corticosteroid levels from either adrenal gland or pituitary gland deficiencies.

Question 10

What are the roles of FSH and LH in reproductive health?

Answer 10

FSH and LH cause germ maturation and stimulate gonadal production of steroids and inhibins.

Question 11

How do gonadal steroids and inhibins control FSH and LH levels?

Answer 11

They provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary to suppress FSH/LH production.

Question 12

What role do gonadotrophic hormones play in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 12

They promote maturation and ovulation of ovarian follicles

Question 13

: Where are inhibins produced, and what is their function

Answer 13

: Inhibin A and B are produced by ovarian follicles and suppress pituitary FSH production.

Question 14

What is the role of progesterone in pregnancy

Answer 14

Progesterone, produced by the corpus luteum, aids in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy

Question 15

Where is oestradiol produced, and what is its function?

Answer 15

Oestradiol is produced by the dominant follicle; it supports follicle maturation and suppresses pituitary FSH production.

Question 16

What effect does LH have on testicular Leydig cells?

Answer 16

: LH promotes androgen production in Leydig cells

Question 17

How do FSH and androgens influence spermatogenesis?

Answer 17

They act on Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis, which is strongly stimulated when both are present.

Question 18

Describe the mechanism of action in spermatogenesis

Answer 18

LH binds Leydig cells ➔ androgens secreted ➔ FSH binds Sertoli cells ➔ weak spermatogenesis ➔ androgens bind Sertoli cells ➔ FSH increases androgen expression ➔ strong spermatogenesis.

Question 19

What effect does inhibin loss have on female mice?

Answer 19

Loss of inhibin function leads to increased fat accumulation

Question 20

How do gonadally derived protein hormones regulate FSH?

Answer 20

They negatively regulate pituitary production of FSH.

Question 21

: Which types of inhibin do males and females produce?

Answer 21

Females produce both inhibin A and B, while males only produce inhibin B

Question 22

What can happen if inhibin production is lost

Answer 22

It may cause compensatory activin production, leading to gonadal tumors and cachexia.

Question 23

: What are common causes of male infertility?

Answer 23

Causes include problems with semen ejection, low or no sperm levels, abnormal sperm shape/movement, and varicoceles.

Question 24

How does diet affect male infertility?

Answer 24

High-fat diets can decrease testosterone and spermatogenesis, increasing leptin and E2 (conversion of T to E2).

Question 25

What are common causes of female infertility

Answer 25

Causes include ovarian, uterine, fallopian tube, and endocrine abnormalities, as well as endometriosis and PCOS.

Question 26

What causes menopause?

Answer 26

Menopause occurs due to miscommunication between the ovaries and pituitary, involving a decline in AMH and inhibin B and desynchronization of GnRH secretion

Question 27

What are common consequences of menopause

Answer 27

Menopause can lead to sleep issues, depression, reduced skin thickness, hair loss, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, bone loss, joint pain, vaginal dryness, and recurrent UTIs.

Question 28

How does diet impact menopause?

Answer 28

Leptin and insulin changes can affect oestradiol and testosterone levels by influencing SHBG production in the liver.

Question 29

How do under-nutrition and obesity/PCOS affect menopause?

Answer 29

Both conditions can alter menopause timing and symptoms

Question 30

What role does myostatin play in FSH production?

Answer 30

Myostatin drives FSH production in both female and male mice.

Question 31

What are the steps involved in IVF?

Answer 31

Egg stimulation ➔ hCG injection ➔ egg retrieval ➔ sperm sample ➔ fertilization in dish ➔ blastocyte grading ➔ embryo introduction to uterus.

Question 32

What are possible complications of IVF?

Answer 32

Complications include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), excessive response to FSH/hCG, painful ovarian enlargement, and renal failure.

Question 33

What is In Vitro Maturation (IVM)?

Answer 33

IVM is an IVF alternative where oocytes are matured in a lab without hormone therapy, reducing OHSS risk but with a lower success rate.

Question 34

What is a common reproductive impact of PCOS?

Answer 34

PCOS often causes anovulation (failure to release an egg).

Question 35

What is endometriosis?

Answer 35

Endometriosis is the growth of tissue resembling endometrium outside the uterus