Neuro

Question 1

What are the three primary symptom groups of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

Positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms

Question 2

List the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 2

Hallucinations, disorganized behavior, delusions, and loss of insight.

Question 3

What do cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia involve?

Answer 3

Difficulties with goal-directed behavior and cognitive flexibility.

Question 4

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 4

Social withdrawal.

Question 5

What morphological changes occur in schizophrenia?

Answer 5

Grey matter loss, enlarged ventricles, cortex thinning, smaller cell bodies, and decreased presynaptic terminals

Question 6

Describe the dopaminergic changes in schizophrenia

Answer 6

Excess dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway and reduced dopamine in the mesocortical pathway.

Question 7

How is vitamin D synthesized, and why is it significant for schizophrenia risk?

Answer 7

Synthesized primarily by UVB exposure; low levels are linked to a higher schizophrenia risk.

Question 8

What are the three forms of cell death, and how are they different?

Answer 8

Necrosis (accidental), apoptosis (controlled), and autophagic death (nutrient-deprivation survival).

Question 9

List the main protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases

Answer 9

Amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s, Tau in Frontotemporal Dementia, Huntingtin in Huntington’s, and α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s.

Question 10

How does the glymphatic system contribute to brain health?

Answer 10

It helps clear waste, including amyloid-beta, which is facilitated by sleep and blood vessel pulsations.