Type 1 diabetes Flashcards
Ideal blood glucose concentration
4.4 - 6.1mmol/l
What is insulin?
hormone produced by pancreas to reduce blood sugar levels
what cells produce insulin?
pancreatic beta cells in islets of langerhans
Is insulin a catabolic or anabolic hormone?
anabolic
How does insulin reduce blood glucose?
muscle and liver to store glucose as glycogen
causes cells in body to absorb glucose and use as fuel
What is glucagon?
hormone produced by pancreas that increases blood sugar levels
what cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas
is glucagon a catabolic or anabolic hormone?
catabolic
when is glucagon released?
low blood sugar levels and stress
actions of glucagon
liver break down glycogen
liver convert fats and protein into glucose
glycogenolysis
liver break down stored glycogen into glucose
gluconeogenesis
liver convert proteins and fats into glucose
When does ketogenesis occur?
insufficient glucose supply and glycogen stores are exhausted
eg prolonged fasting
what is ketogenesis?
liver takes fatty acids and converts into ketones
what are ketones?
water soluble fatty acids which can be used as fuel
can the brain use ketones for energy?
yes - can cross BBB
how can ketones be measured?
urine dipstick and blood