Tumor Markers Prt 2 Flashcards
TYPES OF TUMOR MARKERS
Escaroe
ENZYMES
SERUM PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATE AND CANCER ANTIGENS (CA)
RECEPTORS
ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS
ENDOCRINE (HORMONES)
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer screening, therapy monitoring, and recurrence
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Bone cancers
Determination of liver and bone involvement; nonspecific elevations in liver and bone cancers
Placental ALP (PLAP): Germ cell tumors of testes and ovaries
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Prostatic Carcinoma
TRAP (Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase): used in Hairy Cell Leukemia
Acid Phosphatase (ACP)
Neuroendocrine tumors
Prognosis and monitoring disease progression
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Pancreatic cancer
Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, RNase
: Germ cell tumors of testes and ovaries
Placental ALP (PLAP)
used in Hairy Cell Leukemia
TRAP (Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase):
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Confirms increased Calcitonin
Histaminase
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Classification of CML Predict prognosis and response to drugs
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)
Plasma cell dyscrasias
Diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring
Serum free light-chains (Bence-Jones Proteins)
- found in the surface of all nucleated cells
Hematologic cancers
Prognostic marker for lymphoproliferative disorders
B2-microglobulin
BENCE-JONES PROTEINS
Increased in:
Multiple myeloma
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Plasmacytomas
CA 19-9
Monitoring
Pancreatic cancer (With gastrointestinal cancers)
CA 15-3 CA 27-29
Response to therapy and detecting recurrence
Metastatic breast cancer
CA-125
Monitoring therapy
Ovarian carcinoma
CYFRA 21-1
Lung carcinoma
Breast cancer
Hormonal therapy indication
Estrogen Receptor (ER) Progesterone Receptor (PR) ER/PR
Her-2/neu
Prognostic indicator and hormonal therapy indicator
Breast cancer (with GI and ovarian cancers)
Head, neck, ovarian, cervical cancers
Prognostic indicator
Guide treatment for NSCLC (Nonsmall cell lung cancer)
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Indicators for hormone therapy
Anti-estrogenic therapy
Tamoxifen and anastrozole
ER/PR
Colorectal carcinoma
Most widely used for colorectal carcinoma
May be high in smokers, liver damage, lung, breast and GIT tumors
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Nonspecific marker
Used in testicular cancer classification with HCG
Alphafeto protein (AFP)
Pituitary adenoma Ectopic ACTH-producing hormone
Diagnosis of ACTH-producing tumors Cushing’s syndrome Oat cell carcinoma
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Posterior pituitary tumors
Diagnosis of SIADH (Excessive water reabsorption)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Pituitary tumors
Diagnosis and post-monitoring of acromegaly (Excessive growth)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Pituitary adenoma
Diagnosis of prolactinoma (Galactorrhea, amenorrhea)
Prolactin (PRL)
Insulin-secreting tumors
Diagnosis of insulinomas
Insulin C-peptide
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
Screening, response to therapy, recurrence of MTC
Calcitonin
Adrenal tumors
Diagnosis of: Cushing’s syndrome Adrenal adenomas
Cortisol
Neuroendocrine tumors
Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES)
(Excessive acid production in the stomach)
Gastrin
Parathyroid adenoma
Diagnosis and post-surgical monitoring
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Carcinoid tumors
Diagnosis of Carcinoid tumors
Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HIAA (Serotonin Metabolite)
-
Pheochromocytoma Neuroblastoma Paraganglioma
Diagnosis
Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Metanephrines Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Pheochromocytoma Carcinoid Tumors Small Cell Lung Cancers
Aid in diagnosis
Chromogranin A
COMMONLY USED TUMOR MARKERS
AFP (ALPHAFETOPROTEIN)
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
Normally synthesized in the fetal liver that is re expressed in tumors (peaks at 12-15 weeks of gestation)
Hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors
Adult levels <20 ng/mL
AFP (ALPHAFETOPROTEIN)
Most widely used TM for colorectal carcinoma
Normally found in the fetal GI tract
Increased levels (>10 ng/mL) are associated with colorectal carcinoma (but not specific)
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
Secreted by trophoblasts (placental cells) to maintain pregnancy
Elevated in Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs)
Germ cell tumors of the ovary and testis
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)
Secreted by the prostate
Regulate sperm viscosity and allows sperm to enter the ovum
In healthy men, normally LOW levels of PSA circulate in the blood
Can be increased in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
