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Carbs Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Only______ are absorbed

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

Luminal side

A

SGLT-1 (secondary active transport): for glucose and galactose

GLUT-5 (facilitated diffusion): for fructose

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3
Q

Luminal side

for glucose and galactose

for fructose

A

SGLT-1 (secondary active transport)

GLUT-5 (facilitated diffusion)

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4
Q

Basolateral side

A

GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion): all types of monosaccharides

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5
Q

Basolateral side

all types of monosaccharides

A

GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)

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6
Q

PATHWAYS IN GLUCOSE METABOLISM

6

A

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis

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7
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or lactate for production of energy.

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non-CHO source =Lactate, glycerol and aminoacid

A

Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

A

Glycogenolysis

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10
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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11
Q

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

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12
Q

Decomposition of fats

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

Stages of catabolism

A

Stage 1
Breakdown of complex molecules to their component building blocks

Stage 2
Conversion of building blocks to acetyl-CoA (or other simple intermediates)

Stage 3
Metabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and formation of ATP

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14
Q

Glucose is supplied to the Extracellular from the liver

A

Brief fast

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15
Q

Glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Fasting period longer than one day

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16
Q

HORMONE REGULATION

Increases glucose

CATGGE

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine

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17
Q

HORMONE REGULATION

Decreases glucose

A

Insulin
Incretins

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18
Q

HORMONE REGULATION

Increases or lowers the glucose

A

Somatostatin

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19
Q

stimulated to release glucagon into the blood

A

Alpha cells of pancreas

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20
Q

Liver breaks down glycogen and releases____ to the blood

A

glucose

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21
Q

Stimulus:
rising_____ glucose level (e.g., after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal)

A

blood

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22
Q

of pancreas stimulated to release insulin into the blood,

A

Beta-cells

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23
Q

It Liver takes up____ and stores it as____

A

glucose

glycogen

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24
Q

a- cell (___)

A

glucagon

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25
Q

B-cell (____)

A

insulin

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26
Q

delta-pancreas (______)

A

somatostatin

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27
Q

PP-cells (____)

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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28
Q

E-cells (____)

A

ghrelin

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29
Q

Endocrine

____cells secrete hormones into blood vessels

A

Islets of Langerhans

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30
Q

Exocrine

_____cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct

A

Acinar

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31
Q

most abundant organic molecules in nature

A

Carbohydrates

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32
Q

Major energy source =

Storage form of energy =

Component of cell membranes =

Structural component in…

A

glucose

glycogen

glycoprotein

plants, bacteria, and insects

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33
Q

Examples of homopolysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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34
Q

Examples of heteropolysaccharides

A

Chitin
Pectin
Heparin

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35
Q

Smallest sugars

Trioses

A

Glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone

36
Q

Pentose ex.

A

Aldose- Ribose
Ketose- Ribulose

37
Q

Hexoses ex.

A

Aldose- glucose, galactose
Ketose- fructose

38
Q

Tetroses ex.

A

Erythrose
Threose
Erythrolose

39
Q

Ketone vs Aldehyde

A

Ketone has 2 R groups
Aldehyde only have 1 R group

40
Q

Compounds that have the same chemical formula

41
Q

Isomers ex.

A

Glucose
Galactose
Frcutose

C6H12O6

42
Q

Isomers that differ in configuration around only on one specific carbon atom

43
Q

Epimers ex.

A

D-Mannose
D-Glucose
D-Galactose

44
Q

Optical isomers or stereoisomers

Mirror images

A

Enantiomers

45
Q

T or F

D-sugars are more common

46
Q

For enantiomers base of what carbon?

A

Penultimate carbon

47
Q

Cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration

48
Q

Monosaccharides structure with 5 membered ring

Monosaccharides structure with 6 membered ring

A

Furanose
Pyranose

49
Q

OH below the ring

OH above the ring

50
Q

Pyranose furanose
Alpha beta

51
Q

D and L

A

Enantiomers

52
Q

Insulin comes from ______ of islets of Langerhans

A

Beta-cells

53
Q

Stimulus of insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

54
Q

Actions of insulin

A
  • Promotes glucose cellular entry (muscles and adipose tissues)
  • Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis
  • Inhibits glycogenolysis
55
Q

Insulin increases

A

Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis

56
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

Glycogenolysis

57
Q

Unsay tanggalon sa preproinsulin para maging proinsulin? Asa?

A

N-terminal signal peptide

Endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

Marker of insulin synthesis and secretion

59
Q

Unsa na bond naa sa insulin

A

Disulfide bond

60
Q

can differentiate exogenous and endogenous insulin

A

C-peptide

(Exogenous insulin don’t have c peptide)

61
Q

Can differentiate type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

C peptide

(T1- low\ T2- normal or high)

62
Q

Because C peptide is cleared more slowly than insulin, it is a useful marker of______

A

insulin secretion

63
Q

Half life of c peptide?

Insulin?

A

35mins

Around 5 mins

64
Q

C peptide

  1. Amino acids =
  2. M. WT =
  3. Half-life = minutes
  4. No____ activity
  5. Necessary for correct structure of___
  6. Fasting C-peptide ______ higher than insulin
A

31

3600

35

biological

insulin

5 times to
10 times

65
Q

Main hormone that increases hormone level

66
Q

Glucagon is secreted by _____ of islets of Langerhans

A

Alpha-cells

67
Q

Stimulus of glucagon

A

during stress

fasting states

68
Q

Actions of glucagon

A

Enhances glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Increases blood glucose level

69
Q

Epinephrine is secreted by

Cortisol is secreted by

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex (Zona fasiculata)

70
Q

Stimulus of epinephrine and cortisol

71
Q

Actions of epinephrine

A

↑ blood glucose level
↑ glycolysis
Decrease entry of glucose into the cell

72
Q

Actions of cortisol

A

↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Stimulates cortisol release thus increase plasma glucose

73
Q

Where are Growth hormone and ACTH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

74
Q

Stimulus of growth hormone

A

Sleep, stress, exercise and low glucose levels

75
Q

Stimulus of ACTH

A

Decrease cortisol level

76
Q

GH actions

A

↑ blood glucose level
↑ glycolysis
Decrease entry of glucose into the cell

77
Q

ACTH Actions

A

↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Stimulates cortisol release thus increase plasma glucose

78
Q

Thyroxine is secreted in the

A

Thyroid gland (Follicular cells)

79
Q

Stimulus of thyroxine

A

Release of TSH

80
Q

Actions of thyroxine

A

↑ glycogenolysis
↑ gluconeogenesis
↑ intestinal absorption of glucose

81
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by

A

Delta-cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

GI cells - D cells of the duodenum

82
Q

Actions of somatostatin

A

INHIBITORY HORMONE to Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones

83
Q

Incretins are secreted by

A

Gut hormones secreted by the enteroendocrine cells minutes after eating

84
Q

Examples of incretins

A
  • Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
85
Q

Incretins stimulates ______

Inhibit ___

A

Insulin release

Glucagon release

CC LEC (38 decks)

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