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CC LEC > Lipids Part 1 > Flashcards

Lipids Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids

• 4 main groups

(Saturated and Unsaturated)

(Glycerol-containing Lipids)

(Sphingolipids,Steroids,Wax)

(Lipoproteins)

A

– Fatty Acids

– Glycerides

– Nonglyceride Lipids

– Complex Lipids

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2
Q

Energy Source

– When oxidized, each gram of fat releases______ of energy, or more than twice the energy released by oxidation of a gram of carbohydrate

A

9 kcal

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3
Q

Energy Storage

– In the form of ____in adipocytes

A

triglycerides (TAG)

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4
Q

Cell Membrane Structural Components

(3) make up the basic structure of all cell membranes

A

– Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids

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5
Q

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS

• Hormones –_____ Hormones

• Vitamins – Lipid-soluble vitamins

• Vitamin Absorption – Dietary fat serves as a____ of the lipid-soluble vitamins

• Protection – fats as

• Insulation – subcutaneous fat

A

Steroid

(A,D,E, and K)

carrier

shock absorber

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6
Q

• Are long-chain monocarboxylic acids

• Generally contain an even number of carbon atoms

A

FATTY ACIDS

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7
Q

FATTY ACIDS

• Short-Chain Fatty Acids

• Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

• Long-Chain Fatty Acids

A

– Less than 6 carbons

– 6-10 carbons

– More than 12 carbons

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8
Q

– Each C being “saturated” with H

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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9
Q

Sat. Fatty Acids

– General Formula:

A

CH3 (CH2 )nCOOH

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10
Q

– Composed of at least one carbon-to carbon double bond

– Almost are in the cis configuration

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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11
Q

– Composed of one carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

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12
Q

– Composed of more than one carbon-to carbon double bond

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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13
Q

– are identified by position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3 ) of the carbon chain; this is described as an omega number;

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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14
Q

– If PUFA has first double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end =

A

omega 3 FA

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15
Q
  • If PUFA has 6 carbons from methyl end =
A

omega 6 FA

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16
Q

– H’s on same side of the double bond; fold into a U-like formation; naturally occurring

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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17
Q

– H’s on the opposite side of the double bond; occur in partially hydrogenated food

A

trans-Fatty Acid

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18
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds before
the 9th carbon are

A

ESSENTIAL

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19
Q

Fatty acids with no double bonds before the 9th carbon are

A

NONESSENTIAL

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20
Q

Your body can form C=C double bonds after the 9th carbon

A

Nonessential

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21
Q

– Fatty acids react with alcohols to form esters and water

A

Esterification

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22
Q

are the products of the dehydration of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

A

Esters

23
Q
  • Producing fatty acids from esters
  • Opposite of esterification
A

Acid Hydrolysis

24
Q

– Is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester

A

Saponification

25
Q

– the product of this reaction, an ionized salt, is a soap

A

Saponification

26
Q

• Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail and a negatively charged terminus (the carboxylate terminus), they form micelles that dissolve oil and dirt particles

A

soap

27
Q

Reaction at the Double Bond (Unsaturated Fatty Acids)

• Used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated solid fats

A

Hydrogenation

28
Q

• Carried out to add hydrogen to some, but not all, double bonds in polyunsaturated oils

• In this way liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid form (Crisco and margarine)

A

Partial Hydrogenation

29
Q

• Are lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule and fatty acids

A

GLYCERIDES

30
Q

GLYCERIDES

2 classes

A

Neutral glycerides
Phosphoglycerides

31
Q

Glycerides

– nonionic and nonpolar

– have polar region, the phosphoryl group, in addition to the nonpolar fatty acid tails

A

Neutral Glycerides

Phosphoglycerides

32
Q

– Produce after the esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid

A

Neutral Glycerides

33
Q

Esterification of glycerides may occur at one, two, or all three positions, producing:

A

• Monoglycerides

• Diglycerides

• Triglycerides

34
Q

NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS

A

Sphingolipids

Steroids

Cholesterol

35
Q

– Are lipids that are not derived from glycerol

– Amphipathic and structural components of cellular membranes

A

Sphingolipids

36
Q

Derived from sphingosine (long chain, Ncontaining alcohol)

2 TYPES

A

Sphingolipids

• Sphingomyelins
• Glycosphingolipids

37
Q

– Located throughout the body, but are particularly important structural lipid components of nerve cell membranes

– Found in abundance in the myelin sheath the surrounds and insulate cells of the CNS

– Role is essential to proper cerebral function and nerve transmission

A

Sphingomyelins

38
Q

– Include the cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides

A

Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)

39
Q

Are built on a ceramide backbone structure, which is a fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine

A

Glycosphingolipids

40
Q

Cerebrosides – Are characterized by the presence of a single monosaccharide head group

– found almost exclusively in the membranes of brain cells

– Consists of ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose

A

Galactocerebroside

41
Q

Cerebrosides – Are characterized by the presence of a single monosaccharide head group

– found in the membranes of macrophages

– Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucose

A

Glucocerebrosides

42
Q

– Contain the steroid nucleus (steroid carbon skeleton)

A

Steroids

43
Q

• known sterol, found in the membranes

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

– Amphipathic

– Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of the membrane as a result of the nonpolar fused ring

– Hydroxyl group is polar

– Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring

A

Cholesterol

45
Q

________

• Can also exist in an esterified form called______, with the hydroxyl group conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid

– No polar groups making them very hydrophobic

A

CHOLESTEROL

cholesteryl ester,

46
Q

• Almost exclusively synthesized by animals, but plants do contain other sterols similar in structure to cholesterol

• It is not readily catabolized by most cells, therefore, does not serve as a source of energy

A

CHOLESTEROL

47
Q

T or F

Cholesterol can be a source of energy

A

False

48
Q

Cholesterol

Can be converted in the liver to (2)

– Promote fat absorption in the intestine by acting as detergent

A

primary bile acids (e.g. cholic acid) and chenodeoxycholic acid

49
Q

_______

– Are amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol

– Synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

(2)

A

Bile Salts

• Cholate
• Chenodeoxycholate

50
Q

Emulsifying agent – whose polar hydroxyl groups interact with water and whose hydrophobic regions bind to lipids

A

Bile salts

51
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

– Testosterone

– Progesterone

– Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives

– Cortisone and Cortisol

– Aldosterone

52
Q

– Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical compositions, depending on the source

Long hydrocarbon tails – extremely hydrophobic – completely insoluble in water

A

Waxes

53
Q

• – protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin creams and ointments)

A

Lanolin - wax

CC LEC (38 decks)

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