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CC LEC > PROTEINS > Flashcards

PROTEINS Flashcards

1
Q

Covalently linked polymers of amino acids

  • Carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another amino acid
A

Proteins

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2
Q

Bonds between amino acids in protein

A

peptide bond

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3
Q

_____ is removed - peptide bond

A

Water

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4
Q
  • N-terminal end - amino group free
  • C-terminal end - carboxyl group free
A

Protein

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5
Q

● Different amino acids compose a specific protein in a linear manner.

A

Primary structure

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6
Q

● It is a folded primary structure

● The peptide chains are folded regularly and that is the time where there is a formation of ______ (2)

A

Secondary structure

α-helix and β-pleated sheets

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7
Q

Secondary structure

● Commonly formed structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the _____ (2)

A

amino acids within the protein

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8
Q

A secondary structure folded into a three-dimensional form.

A

Tertiary structure

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9
Q

A result from the interaction of side chains, which are stabilized through the hydrophobic effect, ionic attraction, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds.

● Definitely a polypeptide

● Refers to the overall shape, or conformation, of the protein molecule.

A

Tertiary structure

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10
Q

● A combined tertiary structures or combined polypeptides

A

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

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11
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS (COMPOSITION)

A

Simple
Conjugated

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12
Q
  • Contain peptide chains that on hydrolysis yield only amino acids
    • albumin
A

• SIMPLE

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13
Q
  • Comprise a protein (apoprotein) and a nonprotein moiety (prosthetic group)
    • Lipids, CHO, porphyrins, metals
A

CONJUGATED

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14
Q

■ Lipids ()

■ CHO ()

■ Porphyrins ()

■ Metals ()

A

lipoprotein

glycoprotein

hemoglobin

ceruloplasmin

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15
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS (FUNCTION)

THE BOSS EI

A

Transport proteins
Hormones
Enzymes

Blood coagulation
Osmotic force
Storage proteins
Structural proteins

Energy source
Immunoglobulins

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16
Q

FIVE FRACTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS

A

● Albumin

● α1-Globulins

● α2-Globulins

● β-Globulins

● γ-Globulins

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17
Q

● α1-Globulins

A

○ α1-fetoprotein
○ α-antitrypsin
○ HDL

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18
Q

● α2-Globulins
HaCeMa

A

○ Haptoglobin
○ Ceruloplasmin
○ α2-macroglobulin

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19
Q

β-Globulins
CT

A

○ Transferrin
○ C-reactive protein

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20
Q

γ-Globulins

A

○ Immunoglobulins

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21
Q

PREALBUMIN

• Also known as

A

transthyretin

22
Q

• Also known as transthyretin

A

PREALBUMIN

23
Q

• Migrates ahead of albumin

• Transport protein of thyroid hormones

• Binds with retinol-binding protein to form a complex that transports retinol (vitamin A)

• Rich in tryptophan

A

PREALBUMIN

24
Q

• Present in highest concentration

  • Colloid osmotic pressure
  • Transcapillary escape rate
  • Bind to various substances
A

ALBUMIN

25
Q

• Malnutrition

• Liver disease
- Resulting in the inability of hepatocytes to synthesize albumin

• Gastrointestinal loss
- Inflammation and intestinal mucosal disease

• Loss in the urine in renal disease

A

HYPOALBUMINEMIA

26
Q

• Seen in dehydration
- Relative increased
- Fluid administration will decrease albumin levels back to normal

A

HYPERALBUMINEMIA

27
Q

ABNORMALITIES
________
- Absence of albumin
________
- Unusual molecular characteristics
- Genetic in origin resulting from an autosomal recessive
trait
- condition of having two types of serum albumin that differ in mobility during electrophoresis

A

Analbuminemia

Bisalbuminemia

28
Q

• Consists of alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma fractions in electrophoresis

A

GLOBULINS

29
Q

GLOBULINS
• Consists of (4) fractions in electrophoresis

A

alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma

30
Q

• Acute-phase reactant
• Neutralize trypsin-like enzyme that can cause hydrolytic damage to structural protein

• Increased: inflammation, pregnancy, contraceptive use
• Deficiency: Severe, degenerative, emphysematous pulmonary disease

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

31
Q

Done
• Synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the parenchymal cells of the liver

  • Peak: 13 weeks’ gestation
  • Recede: 34 week’s gestation

• Can pass across the placenta

A

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN

32
Q

• Spina bifida and neural tube defects
• Atresia of the gastrointestinal tract
• Fetal distress
• Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Tyrosinosis
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
• Tumor marker: hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal tumors

A

ELEVATED AFP

33
Q

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN
• Also called as

A

orosomucoid

34
Q

• Also called as orosomucoid
• Formation of certain membranes and fibers in association with collagen
• Acute phase reactant
• Increased:
- Inflammation, stress, AMI
- Cancer, Surgery
- Pneumonia
- RA

A

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN

35
Q

• Serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin)
• Inhibits some enzymes
• Acute phase reactant

• Increased:
- Inflammation

• Deficiency:
- associated with asthma and liver disease

A

ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN

36
Q

• Group-specific Component/Vitamin D-binding protein

• Increased:
- 3rd trimester of pregnancy
- Patients taking estrogen oral contraceptives

• Decreased:
- Liver diseases and protein-losing syndromes

A
37
Q

• An alpha2-glycoprotein
• Synthesized by the liver and in RES
• Bind free hemoglobin by its alpha-chain

• Increased:
- Inflammation
- Burns
- Nephrotic syndrome

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

38
Q

• Copper-containing, alpha2-glycoprotein

• Elevated: inflammation, infection, tissue damage and pregnancy

• Decreased:
- Wilson’s disease
• Hepatolenticular degeneration
• Autosomal recessive inherited disease
- Resulting to hepatic cirrhosis and neurologic damage

A

CERULOPLASMIN

39
Q

• Found principally in the intravascular spaces
• Inhibits proteases
• Slightly increased: pregnancy and contraceptive drugs
• Increased:
- Nephrosis
- Diabetes
- Liver diseases

A

ALPHA 2 - MACROGLOBULIN

40
Q

• Siderophilin
• Transports iron, can carry it to cells and prevents loss of iron through the kidney

• Increased:
- Microcytic, hypochromic anemia

• Decreased:
- Malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation

A

TRANSFERRIN

41
Q

• Removes circulating heme

• Decreased: hemolytic anemia

• Increased:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy
- Administration of diphenylhydantoin
- Inflammation

A

HEMOPEXIN

42
Q

• Transport cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids

A

LIPOPROTEINS

43
Q

• Light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA)

• Increased:
- Impaired kidney clearance
- Overproduction of acute-phase reactants

A

BETA 2 - MICROGLOBULIN

44
Q

• Collective term for several proteins that participate in the immune reaction
• Link to the inflammatory response

• Increased:
- Inflammatory states

• Decreased:
- Malnutrition; SLE; DIC

A

COMPLEMENT

45
Q

• Form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin
• Not seen in serum
• Acute-phase reactant

• Increased:
- Pregnancy
- Use of birth control pills

• Decreased:
- Extensive coagulation

A

FIBRINOGEN

46
Q

• Appears in blood of patients with diverse inflammatory diseases

• Rises:
- Tissue necrosis
- Pneumococcal infections
• One of the first acute-phase proteins to rise in response to inflammation

A

C- REACTIVE PROTEIN

47
Q

• Synthesized in plasma cells
• IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
• Synthesis is stimulated by an immune response to foreign bodies

A

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

48
Q

• A heme protein found in striated muscles
• Can reversibly bind oxygen but requires a very low oxygen tension to release the bound oxygen
• Increased in AMI within 1-3 hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in 5-12 hours

A

MYOGLOBIN

49
Q

Bind to the thin filaments of striated muscles
- Trop-T (TnT)
- Trop-I (Tnl)
- Trop-C (TnC)

A

TROPONIN

50
Q

Regulate muscle contraction

A

Tropinin

51
Q

TOTAL PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES

A

• Hypoproteinemia
• Hyperproteinemia

CC LEC (38 decks)

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