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CC LEC > Chromatography > Flashcards

Chromatography Flashcards

1
Q

• is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed

A

Chromatography

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2
Q

Basic Components of Chromatography (8)

A

Mobile phase/ carrier
Stationary phase/ adsorbent
Colume
Eluate
Eluent
Elution
Analyte
Retention time or factor

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3
Q

• Gas or liquid

• Solvent moving through the column

• Carries the sample

A

• Mobile phase or carrier

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4
Q

– holds the stationary phase

A

Column

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5
Q

– separated components

A

Eluate

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6
Q

• Fluid or substance that enters the column and moves the analyte

A

Eluent

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7
Q

• Solid or liquid

• Where the mobile phase flows

A

Stationary phase or adsorbent

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8
Q

• The process of washing out a compound through a column using a suitable solvent

A

Elution

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9
Q

• Mixture whose individual components have to be separated and analyzed

A

• Analyte

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10
Q

• The time it takes for a compound or analyte to elute

A

• Retention time or factor

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11
Q

Chromatographic techniques may be classified according to their mobile phase:

A

• Gas chromatography

• Liquid chromatography

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12
Q

• is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted into a volatile form

A

Gas Chromatography

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13
Q

• separating compounds based primarily on their volatility

A

Gas Chromatography

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14
Q

Two types:

A

• Gas-Liquid Chromatography:

• Gas-Solid Chromatography:

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15
Q

: based on partition

: based on adsorption

A

• Gas-Liquid Chromatography

• Gas-Solid Chromatography

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16
Q

• Packed columns or Capillary columns

• Glass or stainless steel (packed) or thin-fused silica (capillary)

• Packed columns are filled with inert particles such as diatomaceous earth or porous polymer or glass beads coated with a nonvolatile

liquid (stationary) phase • liquid stationary phase must be nonvolatile at the temperatures used, must be thermally stable, and must not react chemically with the solutes to be separated

A

Columns

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17
Q

Gas Chromatography

TWO DETECTORS:

A

• Thermal conductivity
• Flame ionization detector

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18
Q

• contain wires (filaments) that change electrical resistance with change in temperature

A

• Thermal conductivity

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19
Q

• more sensitive than TC detectors

• small hydrogen flame and collector electrode

• As the sample burns, ions form and move to the charged collector

A

Flame ionization detector

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20
Q

• Uses lower temperatures for separation achieving better separation of thermolabile compounds

• Easier to recover a sample compared to GC

• The mobile phase can be removed, and the sample can be processed further or reanalyzed under different conditions.

A

Liquid Chromatography

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21
Q

Liquid Chromatography

Types of separation technique:

A

• Adsorption
• Partition
• Steric exclusion
• Affinity
• Ion-Exchange

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22
Q

liquid–solid chromatography

A

ADSORPTION

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23
Q

competition between the sample and the mobile phase for the adsorptive sites on the solid stationary phase

A

ADSORPTION

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24
Q

stationary phase can be acidic polar (e.g., silica gel), basic polar (e.g., alumina), or nonpolar (e.g., charcoal)

A

ADSORPTION

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25
Q

Disadvantage:
strong retention of many compounds by the supports, making them difficult to elute from the column.

A

ADSORPTION

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26
Q

Liquid-liquid Chromatography

A

PARTITION

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27
Q

separation of substances according to their solubility in an organic/non-polar solvent and in an aqueous/polar solvent

A

PARTITION

28
Q

“like dissolves like”

A

PARTITION

29
Q

Polar molecules remain in the aqueous solvent; nonpolar molecules are extracted in the organic solvent

A

PARTITION

30
Q

Variation of L-S chromatography

A

STERIC EXCLUSION

31
Q

A.k.a. size exclusion chromatography

A

STERIC EXCLUSION

32
Q

Separation based on size and shape

A

STERIC EXCLUSION

33
Q

Solid phase is packed with porous material (beads) that separates solutes according to size

A

STERIC EXCLUSION

34
Q

Widely used for the separation of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids

A

ION EXCHANGE

35
Q

Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces

A

ION EXCHANGE

36
Q

use of a resin (stationary solid phase) for covalent attachment of anions or cations onto it

A

ION EXCHANGE

37
Q

antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, receptor and ligand, protein and nucleic acid

A

AFFINITY

38
Q

utilizes the specific interaction between one kind of solute molecule and a second molecule that is immobilized on a stationary phase

A

AFFINITY

39
Q

most selective type of chromatography employed

A

AFFINITY

40
Q

CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES

A

Thin-layer chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography

41
Q

Most commonly used as a semiquantitative screening test

A

THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

42
Q

A thin layer of sorbent, such as alumina, silica gel, cellulose or cross-linked dextran, is uniformly coated on a glass or plastic plate

A

THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

43
Q

Variant of column chromatography

A

THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

44
Q

Uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors and gradient elution techniques

A

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

45
Q

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HPLC:

A

Pumps
Columns
Sample injectors
Detectors
Recorders

46
Q

Forces the mobile phase through the column at a much greater velocity

A

Pump

47
Q

3 types of pums in hplc

A

Mechanical reciprocating pump
Pneumatic pumps
Hydraulic amplifier pumps

48
Q

– most widely used pump

A

Mechanical reciprocating pump

49
Q

– pump for preoperative purposes

A

Pneumatic pumps

50
Q

– pump that is no longer commonly used

A

Hydraulic amplifier pumps

51
Q

Long stainless steel
– most common

A

Columns

Silica gek

52
Q

Can be used to introduce the sample into the path of the mobile phase that carries it into the column

A

Sample injectors

53
Q

Best and most widely used
High reproducibility
Used at high pressures

A

Loop injector

54
Q

Monitor the eluate as it leaves the column

Produce an electronic signal proportional to the concentration of each separated component

A

Detectors

55
Q

3 detectors

A

Spectrophotometer
Photodiode array
Amperometric or electrochemical detector

56
Q

– detect absorbances of visible or UV light

A

Spectrophotometers

57
Q

used for spectral comparisons and compound identification and purity and for drug analysis in urine

A

Photodiode array

58
Q

measures current produced when the analyte of interest is oxidized or reduced at some fixed potential set between a pair of electrodes

A

Amperometric or electrochemical detector

59
Q

Used to record detector signal versus the time mobile phase passed through the instrument, starting from the time of sample injection

A

Recorders

60
Q

Recorder

The graph is called_________
________is proportional to concentration of the compounds that produced the peaks

A

chromatogram

Peak area

61
Q

GL Chromatography is based on

A

Partition

62
Q

GS Chromatography is based on

A

Adsorption

63
Q

Basic components pf Gas Chromatography

A

Column
Detectors

64
Q

Columns used in gas chromatography

A

Packed column - glass/ stainless steel
Capillary column - thin-fused silica

65
Q

These type of column are filled with diatomaceous eart/ porous polymer/ glass beads

A

Packed column

66
Q

Other name for steric exclusion

A

Size exclusion

67
Q

Steric exclusion is a variation of

A

LS chromatography

CC LEC (38 decks)

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