treatment of disorders

Question 1

seeking help?

- social construct 3D’s

Answer 1

distress
dysfunctional
deviant

Question 2

seeking therapy

-when and where

Answer 2

1. when: severe emotional discomfort
   unable to handle problem.life transition
   past problem is worsening or has resurfaced
2. where - school, hospital, community

Question 3

types of supporters

1. counselling pyschologist
2. clinical psychologist
3. psychiatrist

Answer 3

1 stronger focus on healthier individuals : careers, marriage, school

• one on one or couples therapy.
  2. focus on psychosis or other serious mental illness
  3. medical doctor that supports people with mental illnes. - more emphasis on physical solutions, but may provide therapy.

Question 4

choosing therapist

Answer 4

therapist-client relationship: degree of value similarity between therapist and client; feeling of ease, agree-upon goals

• culturally competent - understand your culutral background and individual cultural difference

Question 5

gender issues

- females

Answer 5

focus on changing women’s life circumstances. aware of oppressive environmental conditions = focusing on negative amplifies negativity

Question 6

psychodynamic therapy - based on freud

goal?
free association?
dream interpretation

Answer 6

psychoanalysis
goal: help patients achieve insight
insight: conscious awareness of underlying problems (bring up repressed things that are harming you)
FA: uncensored conversation - what was in subconscious comes out.
DI: understand symbolic meanings of dreams

Question 7

factors involved in psychoanalysis therapy

Answer 7

1. resistance. defensive maneuvers that hinder process. signs that anxiety-arousing material is being approached
2. transference: client responds irrationally to therapist. thoughts feelings from past pushed onto therapist.
3. interpretation: statement by therapist - not deep insights

Question 8

psychoanalysis - set backs

Answer 8

can be lengthy process.

briefer = more economical.

Question 9

humanistic therapy: client centered therapy

Answer 9

roger’s psychotherapy is to repair inconsistencies

• client centered, positive encouraging environment.
• develop genuine caring relationship with client; undonditional positive regard and empathic understanding

Question 10

cognitive therapy

• purpose?
• what kinds of conditions?

Answer 10

role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns
help disover and change cognitions
1. unipolar depression
2. adapted for other disorders.

Question 11

cogntive therapy - rational emotive therapy

Answer 11

A -ctivating event
B- elief system
C- onsequences (emotional and behavioural)
D-isputing or challenging maladaptive emotions, behaviours. - homework

Question 12

cognitive therapy - treat what? similar effect in what kind of treatment?

Answer 12

treating unipolar depression.

changes in brain function - in limbic system and cortex. similar effect in SSRI

Question 13

exposure in behaviour therapies

Answer 13

treat phobies thru exposure to feared CS.

response prevention used to keep operant avoidance response from occurring.

Question 14

behaviour therapies - strategies

Answer 14

flooding = exposed to real-life stimuli. more effective, realistic, traumatic. faster response

implosion: “inner” imagine scenes involving stimuli. *not as effective

Question 15

behaviour therapy - systematic desensitization

steps

Answer 15

learning-based treatment for anxiety disorders. eliminate anxiety through gradual counterconditioning.

1. train muscle relaxation skills - anxiety and relaxation hard to have together
2. stimulus hierarchy - person engage in relaxing technique when imagining phobie
3. relaxation and progressive association with stimulus hierarchy -

Question 16

behaviour therapy - aversion therapy

Answer 16

helps remove negative behaviour, like alocholism, when paired with noxious UCS. * may not apply to real world

Question 17

behaviour modification treatment

Answer 17

positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, punishment to in/de-crease behaviour.
successful when traditional therapies are difficult to implement

Question 18

behaviour modification treatment - reinforcement

Answer 18

positive reinforcement, extinction, negative reinforcement, punishment to in/de-crease behaviour.
successful when traditional therapies are difficult to implement

Question 19

behavioural therapies - token economies

punishment as therapy?

Answer 19

system for strengthening desired behaviours through application of positive reinforcement
punishment as therapy? successful with self-destructive children. sketchy on ethical grounds

Question 20

modelling and social skills training

Answer 20

social learning. SST= increased belief in self; watching someone else = I can do it too.

Question 21

third-wave: mindfulness

Answer 21

aware, focused, accepting of immediate experience

• based on humanistic and eastern concepts.
• helps with stress and prevents return to alcoholism

Question 22

benefits of meditation

Answer 22

1. health benefits - stress reduction, help with mental health issue
2. improve concentration
3. many positive effects on emotion processes in the brain.

Question 23

mindfulness based - dialectical behaviour therapy

• for what disorder?
• what 4 skills does it teach?
• what 4 types of therapy does it combine

Answer 23

developed for borderline personality disorer

1. mindfulness - to approach not avoid the body & mind.
2. distress tolerance
3. emotion regulation
4. interpersonal effectiveness
5. weekly individual therapy
6. 2 hour skills class - with others, assigned homeeork
7. call therapist whenever theres an issue
8. therapists come together for support

Question 24

third-wave: VR assisted therapy

Answer 24

successfully used to treat phobias, PTSD.

Question 25

overview of 5 categories of therapy

Answer 25

1. . psychodynamic - gain insight about unconscious issues 2. humanistic: gain congruence thru supportive enviro 3. cognitive: revisit previous cognitions 4. behaviour -works on revising previous learning & providing skills 5. third wave: combine skills and technology.

Question 26

evaluating therapies - issue/problem influences what kind of therapy is a good option - few questions to ask what evaluating therapy - some problems

Answer 26

what types of therapy what kinds of therapy what kinds of client? with what problems? what kinds of effect? variables not controlled; therapist-client interactions varied, measuring therapeutic effects.

Question 27

psychotherapy research methods

Answer 27

- randomized clinical trials = random assignment of clients to experimental or control groups, to find effectiveness -meta-analysis: combine statistical results from many studies to reach overall conclusion clinical significance: what is "normal" or "improved". is full intended effect achieved.

Question 28

types of control groups

Answer 28

- no treatment - placebo control condition: insert pills/irrelevant intervention - other effective treatment condition. drugs that work, ot other therapy.

Question 29

how cognitive and behavioural therapy is different

Answer 29

cognitive change in cognition | behavioural = change in mindfulness

Question 30

dodo bird verdict -- meta-analysis

Answer 30

similar efficacy found for differing therapies. average positive. hard to see what therapy is best for what disorder.

Question 31

factors that affect therapy outcomes

Answer 31

therapist variables - empathy, genuineness, experiences client variables - problem, motivation techniques- timing of interpretations, specific techniques

Question 32

client variable tht affect therapy outcomes

Answer 32

1. openness: willingness to invest self in therapy 2. self-relatedness: understand internal state & be attuned to processes 3. nature of problem: "fit" with therapy

Question 33

therapist variables

Answer 33

quality relationship with client - empathy, acceptance, trust, cariing - better quality = better outcome

Question 34

techniwues that affect therapy outcomes

Answer 34

selecting & implementing appropriate techniques for client and situation

Question 35

psychopharmacology

Answer 35

how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour

Question 36

anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 36

treat anxiety, dont aaffect alertness. slow down excitatory synaptic activity side effects: drowsiness, lethargy, dependence.

Question 37

antidepressant drugs

Answer 37

1. tricyclics - increase activity of norepinephrine and serotonin. prevent reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters 2. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: increase activity of norepinephrine & serotonin. monoamine oxidase breaksdown NT. severe side effects

Question 38

selective serotoning reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 38

- block reuptake of 5-HT. milder effect than other antidepressants. reduce depressive symptoms more rapidly cons: increase negative thoughts; brain adapts to change in [5-HT]

Question 39

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 39

decrease action of DA. reduce symptoms of schizophrenia | side effect: tardive dyskinesia = shakes, movement disorder

Question 40

mind, body, therapeutic interventions | PET scans:

Answer 40

psycho & bio treatments affect brain function PET scans: psychotherapy & drug therapy showed similar changes in blood flow for 3 brain areas = main difference is side effects.

Question 41

drug therapies - combo of drugs and therapy | ex (2)

Answer 41

1. schizophrenia: antipsychotics & social support | 2. major depression: therapy + drug

Question 42

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT

Answer 42

sedative + muscle relaxant. than shock = cause seizure of CNS treatment of severe depression. effect immediate, high relapse rate. side effects: memory loss/brain damage.

Question 43

psychosurgery -? | lobotomy?

Answer 43

remove/destroy parts of brain lobotomy: destory nerve tracts to frontal lobes less common with antipsychotic drugs

Question 44

deinstitutionalization:

Answer 44

transfer of treatment to community. - requires availability of mental health care in community.. - institutions werent regulated. abuse, experimented on patients.

Question 45

deinstitutionalization: revolving door phenomenon greyhound therapy

Answer 45

- person gets out of institution but not stable home. - repeated hospitalization - large # of disturbed people who live on street. greyhound therapy: one way greyhound ticket to new place. hopefully community will support.

Question 46

preventative mental health - situation-focused prvention - competency-focused prevention

Answer 46

- SF: reduce/eliminate enviro causes of disorders : enhance situational factors that prevent disorders CF: desidned to increase personal resources and coping skills