Personality & Traits

Question 1

define dispositional traits

Answer 1

relatively stable dimensions (across time and situations) of personality

Question 2

define personality psychology

Answer 2

scientific study of differences in feelings, actions, thoughts btw individuals.

Question 3

the new big 5

Answer 3

framework for how to view individuals

1. evolution and human nature
2. dispositional traits
3. characteristic adaptations
4. life narratives and identity
5. culture

Question 4

evolution and human nature

Answer 4

part of new big 5
view people in terms of evolutionarily developed biological background.
view based on similarity to all others

Question 5

dispositional trats

Answer 5

new big 5
refer to general pattern of how person acts over time
based in similarity to some others.

Question 6

psychology of a stranger

Answer 6

get sense of general pattern of traits in individual.

Question 7

characteristic adaptations

Answer 7

new big 5
nuances view of individual differences,
similarity to some others
won’t come up in most situations, attitudes towards system, political standing etc.

Question 8

characteristic adaptations -answers who am I?

Answer 8

new big 5

more predictive of behaviours in specific situation. related to motivations and demands. interacts with traits

Question 9

life narratives

Answer 9

new big 5
relates to life stories and constructed meaning in life
based on unique from all others.

Question 10

culture

Answer 10

shared experiences and meanings influence how we act.
shared with some.
culture interacts with all other principles

Question 11

sources of personality data

Answer 11

self report
observer-report
behaviour
lie outcome data
test data
*important to triangulate data sources

Question 12

traits seen as..

Answer 12

inward experiences & overt behaviours

Question 13

gordon allport proposed 3 types of traits

Answer 13

cardinal trait: dominates and shapes person’s behaviour
central trait: general characteristic found to some degree in everyone
secondary trait: related to preferences or attitudes

Question 14

raymon cattell, factor analysis

Answer 14

found 16 trait words to describe personality. tended to find across culture.

Question 15

the big 5

Answer 15

OCEAN
openness/intellect
contientiousness
extraversion
aggreeableness
neuroticism

Question 16

4 ways the big 5 is “basic”

Answer 16

1. stable and predictive
2. found in natural language
3. found in different groups
4. heritable

Question 17

extraversion aspects

Answer 17

enthusiasm

assertiveness

Question 18

aggreeableness

Answer 18

compassion

politeness

Question 19

conscientiousness

Answer 19

industrious

orderliness

Question 20

neuroticism

Answer 20

volatility

withdrawal

Question 21

openness/intellect

Answer 21

openness/intellect

Question 22

trait vs situation debate

Answer 22

proposed that traits were not as effective at predicting behaviours. situation was moer important

1. correlation between traits and multiple situations too low
2. correlations much stronger with specific behaviours/situations

Question 23

resolution to trait vs situation debate

Answer 23

traits are real but situation matters.

Question 24

Synthesis:
situation better for ___
traits better for ___

Answer 24

situation –> immediate

traits –> general predictions

Question 25

define intelligence

Answer 25

reason, plan, solve, think abstractly, learn quickly, from experience. deeper capability to make sense of world.

Question 26

crystallied intelligence

Answer 26

previously learned knowledge -- language, problem solving methods.

Question 27

fluid intelligence

Answer 27

deal with novel situations without previous knowledge

Question 28

how intelligence changes with age

Answer 28

crystallized tends to increase. fluid tends to decrease. use it or lose it.

Question 29

three stratum approach for intelligence

Answer 29

general(g), broad (crystallized, fluid), narrow intelligences.

Question 30

gy (intelligence)

Answer 30

memory and learning

Question 31

gt (intelligence)

Answer 31

processing speed

Question 32

IQ

Answer 32

standardized normal curve

Question 33

cognitive process approach: intellectual competence

Answer 33

analytical, practical, creative

Question 34

cognitivee process approach: underlying cognitive processes

Answer 34

metacomponents (plan, regulate) performance (execute strategy) knowledge acquisition (encode store info)

Question 35

emotional intelligence

Answer 35

read emotions, respond, motivation, aware of own emotions, regulate own emotional responses

Question 36

assessing intelligence in non-western culture. 2 main approaches

Answer 36

1 use problem not tied to knowledge base of culture | 2. create measures tailored to kinds of knowledge thats valued.

Question 37

flynn effect

Answer 37

IQ increases over generations. however, I is scaled over generations.

Question 38

heritability of genetics

Answer 38

highly heritable ~60-80% especially in HES where support and opporunity are high. in LES - ~10% heritability bc less support, opportunity

Question 39

sex differences in intelligence

Answer 39

F: perceptual speed, verbal fluency, fine motor coordination M: spatial tasks, throwing/catching, mathematical reasoning

Question 40

extremes of intelligence

Answer 40

intellectually gifted. IQ 130+, v talented may not reach eminence. cognitivtely disabled - mainstream although problems w reading, writing, memory, to increase social skills.

Question 41

define creativity

Answer 41

generate/recognize ideas, alternatives that are useful. | studied with insight problems

Question 42

insight problems require

Answer 42

reframing problem. come with "aha moment where theres break from normal world view.

Question 43

well-defined vs ill-defined

Answer 43

``` well = know solution and how to get there ill = life problems. not clear how to do things. ```

Question 44

convergent thinking

Answer 44

linear, logical thinking. well-defined problems

Question 45

divergent thinking

Answer 45

assoc w network of related ideas. fluency = how many things | flexibility = how many different things.

Question 46

breaking frame

Answer 46

step outside natural rules

Question 47

creativity correlates: mulitcultural, personality,

Answer 47

multicultural contact = insight benefits | personality = oppenness, extraverted, lower conscientiousness