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Psych 105 > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

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1
Q

mental representations

A

images, ideas, concepts, principles. internal cognitive symbols that represent external reality.

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2
Q

language

A

set of symbols and rules for combining symbols in ways that can generate infinite number of possible messages and meanings.

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3
Q

4 characteristics of language

A

1 important to thought

  1. is unique
  2. is natural
  3. conveys meaning.
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4
Q

properties of language

A
  1. symbolic. sounds signs gestures, allow for forming and transfering mental representations
  2. structures = rules for language.
  3. languages shows generativity. symbols combined to generate infinite number of messages that can have novel meaning. = unlimited amount of words and sentences.
  4. supports displacement. allows communication about events/objects that are not physically present.
  5. converys meaning
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5
Q

define grammar

A

set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communications

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6
Q

define syntax

A

rules that govern the order of words

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7
Q

surface vs deep strucutre

A

surface structure = symbols used and their order

deep structure = underlying meaning of combined symbols -> semantics

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8
Q

define semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

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9
Q

good communitors do 4 things

A
  • transform surface structure to improve deep structure communications
  • use short sentences
  • unambiguous terms
  • dont use too much info.
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10
Q

hierarchy of language

A 
phoneme
morpheme
word
phrase
sentence
discourse
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11
Q

define phoneme
differences in khoisan language
bilingual/japanese problems
when does phonemic distinction begin in development?

A

smallest unit of speech sound in language that can signal a difference in meaning.
khoisan: phoneme = clicks.
bilingual - english to japanese = hard to distinguish su and tsu. japanese to english hard to distinguish R &L

phonemic distinction = 6-12 months of age.

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12
Q

define morpheme

- what determines morpheme?

A

smallest units of meaning in language.

combination of phonemes. grammar determines how phonemes are combined.

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13
Q

define discourse

A

sentences combined into paragraph, articles, books

usually meaningfully

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14
Q

how do we know that words are separate?

A

speech segmentation

  1. experience
  2. context
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15
Q

define pragmatics

A

knowledge of practical aspects of using language

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16
Q

key areas of language in the brain

A

broca’s : word production and articulation. involved in motor-control system - left hemisphere, frontal lobe

wernicke’s area: speech comprehension. - rear temporal.

17
Q

damage to language areas in brain

A

aphasia = impairment in speech comprehension and/or production.
broca’s aphasia = damage ability to speak.
wernicke’s aphasia = cant comprehend what they hear or what they say. no sense.

18
Q

other association areas in language in brain

A

visual cortex = recognize written words.
auditory cortex = hearing and understanding closely related
motor cortex = need to move to speak

19
Q

sex differences in language brain activity

A

male - mostly localized on left hemisphere; more aphasic symptoms

female - more spread activation - damage = more intact abilities

20
Q

biological predisposition to acquiring language

A

Language Acquisition Device -LAD.
innate biological mechanisms that generates language.
evidence: 1. children master language without formal instruction. 2. pick up language early. vocalization of phonemes = 1-3 months.

21
Q

social learning process to language acquisition (1)

A

language acquisition support system (LASS): social environment supports language learning

  1. high-pitched tone (child directed speech) to talk to infants
  2. name objects and ask questions
22
Q

social language learning process (2)

A

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement of appropriate language
nonreinforcements/correction of inappropriate language.

evidence against = children leanr works quickly. parents dont correct grammar, instead focus on deep structure errors.

23
Q

reality to acquiring language

A

both experiences/social and biology.

LASS and LAD interactions.

24
Q

language sensitive periods

A

best to learn earlier in childhood.
worse after puberty.
– other variables play into worse learning with age.. but generalized to worse language learning later in life.

25
Q

bilingual children properties

A
  1. follow similar development trajectories in language growth
  2. similar total vocabularies, slightly lower in primary language - catch up later tho.
  3. associated with greater thinking flexibility, higher performance on intelligence tests.
26
Q 
linguistic relativity hypothesis
- evidence?
 dani tribe
himba tribe
japanese vs canadians?
A

language determines what we think. language makes us think a certain way
- evidence that influences thought, but doesnt limit thought.
- dani = differentiate colour even tho they dont have words for them
himba - names for various shades of blue
japanese vs canadians - different categrorization, tend to see differences differently.

27
Q

3 influences of lanugage

A
  1. how we think
  2. how efficiently we categorize experiences - different vocab affects how we name things in the world
  3. how much detail we attend to.
28
Q

language integrated with culture

A
  1. language limits what you can say by vocabulary – some things can’t be translated
  2. language reinforced by culture – change language to fit with cultural norms
29
Q

can animals acquire human language?

  • orangutan
  • nim
  • washoe
  • kanzi
  • is it language?
A
  • orangutan learnt word and applied it to other objects in the category without being taught.
  • Nim sign all the words until he got the right one.
  • washoe taught adopted son sign language
  • kanzi - understood unfamiliar spoken sentences under controlled conditions.
  • symbolize, convey, violate grammar, no generativity or displacement. not really language because doesnt meet all 5 requirements.

Psych 105 (12 decks)

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