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psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

judgement of abnormality - social construct 3D’s

A

distressing
dysfunctional
deviant

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2
Q

prevalence of mental disorder in canada

A

1/5 canadians suffers currently from disorder in life

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3
Q

vulnerability stress model

-vulnerability factors (examples) interact with stressors (examples) to produce psychological disorders.

A 
vulnerability factors = 
- genetic factors
biological characteristics
psychological traits
previous maladaptive learning
low social support
stressors = 
economic adversity
environmental trauma
interpersonal stresses or losses
occupational setbacks or demands
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4
Q

DSM-5

A

detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis.
five axies / dimension.
axis 1: clinical symptoms -
axis 2: developmental and personality disorders
axis 3: physical conditions
axis 4: severity of psychosocial stressors
axis 5: highest level of functioning.

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5
Q

DSM-5: axis 1: clinical symptoms

A

diagnosis

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6
Q

DSM-5: axis 2: developmental and personality disorders

A

autism, mental retardation
personality disorders.
long lasting and encompass way of interacting with the world.
often comorbid = multiple diagnoses

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7
Q

DSM-5: axis 3 : physical conditions

A

brain injury, HIV/AIDS,result in symptoms of mental illness

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8
Q

DMS-5: axis 4: severity of psychosocial stressors

A

death of a loved one, starting new job, college, unemployment, marriage

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9
Q

DSM-5: axis 5: highest level of functioning

A

level of functioning both at present time & highest level within previous year

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10
Q

anxiety

  • not related to?
  • response?
A

usually not related to strong real threat.

frequency and intensity of responses out of proportion to situations

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11
Q

anxiety - phobic disorders

ex of phobia disorders most common in western society

A
  1. strong irrational fears of objects or situations.
  2. seldom go away on their own - can intensify over time.
    most common:
    - agoraphobia: open spaces, public places
    - social phobias
    specific animals, objects
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12
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

video:

A

state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety.
not tied to specific situation/condition.
feeling of something is going to happen, but dont know what.
video: minor stressor really affected. intense worry, interferes w day-to-day.

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13
Q

anxiety - panic disorder

A

occur suddenly, unpredictably, intense

may occur with or without agoraphobia

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14
Q

anxiety - obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

obsessions (cognitive component) - repetitive & unwelcome thoughts

compulsions (behavioural component)
repetitive behavioural responses

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15
Q

anxiety disorder causes

A

biological factors - genetics ; GABA reduces neural activity in key areas. low levels may cause highly reactive nervous systems

  • gender differences: females exhibit more anxiety disorders than males. differences emerge as early as 7YOA. maybe beacuse less power and personal control for women.
  • cognitive explanations: maladaptive thoughts and beliefs. things appraised “catastrophically”
  • classical conditioning: associating an object or situation with pain or trauma.
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16
Q

panic attack

A

process in which normal manifestations of anxiety are appraised catastrophically, ultimately resulting in full-blown panic attack.
physiological responses + “I’m going to die” = panic attack

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17
Q

Eating disorders

- anorexia nervosa

A
  • intense fear of being fat. potentially life threatening. 90% are female.
    symptoms: severely restricted food intake
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18
Q

eating disorder - bulimia nervosa

A

bing & purge

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19
Q

eating disorder causes

A

environmental, psychological, biological.

- common in industrialized cultures (beauty = thin)

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20
Q 
Mood affective disorders
clinical depression
1. major depression
2. dysthymia
3.
A

frquency, intensity, duration of symptoms is out of proportion to situation
- cannot suppress negative thoughts.

  1. strongly negative mood for at least 2 weeks. cant function
  2. chronic disruption of mood, less strong than depression
  3. bipolar depression - depression alternated with mania. manic state = euphoric, gradiose cognitions, rapid speech
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21
Q

symptoms of clinical depression

A

emotional (misery, hopeless)
cognitive ( negative cognitions)
motivational ( loss of interest, lack of drive)
somatic symptoms ( loss of appetite, lack of energy)

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22
Q

depressive cognitive triad

A

negative thoughts concerning

  • the world
  • oneself
  • the future
23
Q

depressive attributional pattern

A

success = factors outside self

negative outcomes = personal factors

24
Q

suicide
motives:
warning signs

A

willfully taking one’s life

  1. desire to end one’s life - depression & hopeless
  2. manipulation of others - parasuicides - cries for help.

warning: verbal/behavioural threat to kill self; previous attempts; detailed plan

25
Q

somatoform disorders

A

no known biological cause

26
Q

hypochondriasis

A

somatoform disorder

  • unduly alarmed about having an illness.
    1. may not have it
    2. might me too much concern for actual disease. = exaggerated perception of illness
27
Q

pain disorder

A

somatoform disorder

- pain reaction out of proportion with physical causes

28
Q

conversion disorder

A

somatoform disorder

  • sudden neurological problems that do not follow actual brain processing
  • brain active in sensory/visual areas, but patients can’t perceive.
29
Q

dissociative disorders - psychogenic amnesia

A

selective memory loss following trauma

psychologically forget, repress (freud)

30
Q

dissociative disorder - psychogenic fugue

A

loss of all personal identity, wanders away and establishes new life.
-strong amnesia. usually from traumatic event, suppresses and re-establishes elsewhere

31
Q

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

trauma-dissociation theory

A

2 or more separate personalities

  • pick up new personality (usually from traumatic event in childhood)
  • each identity is unique. own identity, memories, ideas, thoughts.

-DID generally results from severe traumatic experience during early childhood

32
Q

schizophrenia

possible disturbances

A

split-mind

  1. thinking: delusions = false beliefs
  2. speech: disorganized; strange words
  3. hallucinations - false perceptions - distancing from reality
  4. emotion: blunted affect (unreactional); inappropriate effect (laughing in response to nothing)
33
Q

schizophrenia- 2 main categories

A

type 1 = positive symptoms
- delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and thought. more positive outcomes; more active perceptions.

type 2= negative symptoms
- absence of normal reactions. lack emotion, expression, motivation. harder to treat. lack ability to do things.

34
Q

schizophrenia - affect in population

A 
1% of population affected. 
equal # of males/females
10% permanently impaired
65% intermittent periods of functioning. 
25% recover
35
Q

schizophrenia - negative symptoms vs positive symptoms

A

negative - long history of poor functioning. poor recovery

positive - history of good functioning; better prognosis

36
Q

schizophrenia: factors

A

stressful life events

famiily factors - criticism, hostility, over-involvement

37
Q

personality disorders: explain

3 clusters of disorders

A

stable, ingrained, inflexible & maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, behaving

  • not due to other mental disorder
  • more difficult to treat because integrated in a person.

cluster A: odd/eccentric behaviour
B: dramaic & erratic behaviours
C: anxiety & fearful behaviours - more about how they see the world and how they deal with it.

38
Q

cluster A - odd and eccentric behaviours

  1. paranoid personality disorder
  2. schizotypal personality disorder
A
  1. pattern of pervasive distrust of others, leading to problems with forming relationships. reported good well-being. hard to diagnose
  2. eccentricities in appearance, behaviour, speech. unusually congnitive and perceptual distortions, discomfort in social relationships. - less severe than schizophrenia. break norms, odd ways to go about world.
39
Q

cluster B - dramatic and erratic behaviours

  1. narcissistic personality disorder
  2. antisocial personality disorder
  3. borderline personality disorder
A
  1. extreme feeling of self-importance, need for admiration, and lack of empathy for others.
  2. strong unconcern for the feelings of others. often disregards social rules and obligations. nice on the outside, doing horrible things beneath the surface.
  3. instability in behaviour, emotion, identity. emotional dysregulation (inability to control negative emotions). impulsive behavior. intense and unstable personal relationships. parasuicides
40
Q

antisocial personality disorder
- male: female ratio
characteristics

A

3:1 male to female ratio

lack conscience, fail to respond to punishment, charming and manipulative

41
Q

borderline personality disorders
explain impulsive, unstable relationsips

defense mechanism

causes

video:

A

impulsive = running away; unstable relationships = anger, loneliness, emptiness.
defence mechanism = splitting - all good or all bad.

causes: chaotic personal histories
treated poorly - abusive, rejecting, non-affirming parents.

characteristic feature: frantic attempts to avoid abandonment - suicice, expensive gift.
different brains - born with emotional sensitivity, and difficulty controlling emotions.

42
Q

cluster C : anxiety and fearful behaviours

  1. avoidant personality disorder
  2. dependent personality disorder
A

related to overblown anxiety. in personality and hot to deal with world. 1. beliefs of social ineptness, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluations. restrained even in intimate relationships
2. excessive need to be looked after. see self as inadequate, helpless

43
Q

cluster c: anxiety and fearful behaviours

2 disorder

A
  1. anxiety personality

2. dependent personality

44
Q

cluster b: dramatic and erratic behaviour

A
  1. narcissistic personality disorder
  2. antisocial personality disorder
  3. borderline personality disorder
45
Q

cluster A: odd and eccentric behaviours

A
  1. paranoid personality disorder.

2. schizotypal personality disorder

46
Q

the big 5 and personality disorders

A
  1. borderline personality disorder = lack of stability in relationships, unstable self-image, emotional responses = high N, low A, low C
  2. narcissistic: self-importance, admiration, lack of empath = low A, high N
47
Q

childhood disorders

  • how many kids diagnosed.
  • 2 receiving attention
A

20% of kids aged 2-5 diagnosed with DSM disorder.

  • attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • autism
48
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A
  1. attentional difficulties: difficult to focus.

2. hyperactivity-impulsivity: issue w self regulation.

49
Q

autism - sex is affects more?
social deficits?

  • seeing other’s views
  • false belief task/theory of mind.
A 
affects males more than females
social deficits: 
1. poor communication
2. lack of social responsiveness
3. repetitive and stereotyped behaviours
4. some exhibit savant abilities
  • difficulty understanding other peoples views.
  • tend to fail false belief task = theory of mind
50
Q

autism: causal factors

A
  1. biological basis - brains are larger by 5-10%. abnormal development in cerebellu,
  2. genetic factors - may be 4-6 major genes. 20-30 others involved
51
Q

effects of labelling

  1. social & personal
  2. stigma
A
  1. too easy to accept label as description of individual. accept new identity implied by label. develop expected role and outlook.
  2. beliefs about mental health sometimes prevent their acknowledgement
52
Q

legal consequences
- when considered dangerous

legal concepts

A

involuntary commitment
loss of civil rights
indefinite detainment

competency (held until better) - state of mind at time of judicial hearing
insanity (held in mental hospital for charge) - state of mind at time crime was committed, tends not to work.

53
Q

difference between insanity and mental illness

A

legally insane: 3 conditions=

  1. mental illness such that what they did, they didn’t know it was illegal
  2. didnt know what they were doing at all.
  3. compelled to do it by irresistible force

intent - intentionally commit a crime to be guilty of it. mental illness - skew reality so that that dont know what theyre doing = intent isnt there.
legal insantiy = expert testimony proving mentally ill; explain how mental illness removed reason to commit/intent.

54
Q

culture affects many disorders
taijin kyofushu
eating disorders
expression of disorders = westernn vs latin,chinese, african

A

taijin kyofushu = worried about offending others. social anxiety, related to how people are worried about looking/smelling in social settings. impedes interactions with others

eating disorders popped up due to media. wait size challenge.

expressing disorder: wester = report psychological symptoms. latine, chinese, african = report somatic symptoms

Psych 105 (12 decks)

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