thinking

Question 1

different types of thought
propositional
imaginal
motoric

Answer 1

“internal language”/inner sppech

propositional: form of verbal sentences that we say or hear in minds
imaginal: images we see, hear, feel in mind. daydreaming
motoric: mental representations of motor movements.

Question 2

concepts

Answer 2

basic units of semantic memory.

mental categories in which we place things.

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

typical example of a class or group.

Question 4

propositions

Answer 4

statements that express ideas. tied with concepts.

Question 5

deductive reasoning

Answer 5

reason from general principles to a conclusion. useful in forming hypothesis

Question 6

inductive reasoning

Answer 6

start with specific facts and try to develop general principles

Question 7

stumbling blocks in reasoning

Answer 7

1. distraction by irrelevant information
2. belief bias - abandon logical rules in favour of own personal beliefs. confirmation bias
3. framing- the way info is presented affects our thoughts.

Question 8

problem solving and its relation to scientific method

Answer 8

interpret/frame the problem
generate hypotheses solution
test, see to disconfirm one or more
evaluate results.

Question 9

naive scientists

cognitive misers

Answer 9

naive: trying to work out cause and effect of things in our social world
cognitive: trying to save time and effort to understand social world. * tend to be cognitive misers*

Question 10

algorithms

Answer 10

formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions
- naive scientists.

Question 11

heuristics

Answer 11

general problem-solving strategies apply to certain class of situations
general rules, shortcuts.

Question 12

availability heuristic:

Answer 12

judgements or probability are based on ease to which examples are brought to mind.

Question 13

representative heuristic

Answer 13

infer how closely something fits our prototype for particular concept.

Question 14

building knowledge =

Answer 14

building schemes.

Question 15

scripts

Answer 15

mental frameworks related to sequence of events. develop with experience.

Question 16

brain changes with expertise

Answer 16

1. experts use long term memory more than working memory. using working memory takes more effort.
2. experts recruit feature detectors more for meaningful situations

Question 17

wisdom

Answer 17

represents system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life.
- sometimes assoc w aging. depending on cultures.

Question 18

5 components to wisdom

Answer 18

1. rich factual knowledge about life
2. rich procedural knowledge about life
3. understanding lifespan contexts
4. awareness of relativism of values and priorities
5. ability to recognize and manage uncertainty

Question 19

mental image

Answer 19

representation of something that originates inside brain - not externally.

Question 20

mental rotation tasts

Answer 20

quanitfy mental imagery. larger rotation = slower response time.

Question 21

practicing with mental images can lead to similar benefits to real practice

Answer 21

in music and sport. improvement not as great as physical practice. still important improvements.

Question 22

mirror/imagery neurons

Answer 22

neurons fire to both visual and imagined situations

Question 23

metacognition

Answer 23

one’s awareness of own cognitive abilities.

Question 24

metacomprehension

Answer 24

how accurately they judge what they do or dont know

Question 25

metamemory

Answer 25

represents awareness and knowledge of memory capabilities. memorize definitions or facts. ability to accurately judge how well you will be able to remember those items.

Question 26

mental set

Answer 26

tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past.