personality - culture

Question 1

define culture

Answer 1

meanings shared between people

• simple norms like handshake
• more complex, like social orientation

Question 2

the three levels of culture

Answer 2

1. societal level - shared meanings seen withing countries
2. group levels: similar meanings seen within smaller groups ie religious, socia-economic status, cultural group.
3. the indivudal level: individuals may have shared meanings that are nuanced. - complex. measuring individual differences in target cultural constructs

Question 3

where does culture come from?

Answer 3

environment - social structure, ecology
cultural practices and discourses. - effective practices, stories from others
socialization - family, friends, educators, media.

Question 4

social orientation hypothesis: how social orientation relates to thinking style

Answer 4

independent = analytic thinking
interdependent = holistic thinking style.

Question 5

differences in how in/out groups are viewed based on social orientation

Answer 5

independent = loose boundary between in&out group. easier to make friends

interdependent = solid line between in & out group. hard to meet new ppl..

Question 6

in-group favouritism:

Answer 6

people tend to favour in-group over outgroup.

tendency stronger in interdependent cultures.

Question 7

social orientation and self attributes

Answer 7

interdependent - view traits as shared by people in in-group. attribute selves as social roles

independent - view traits as separate from people in in-group. less attribution to social roles.

Question 8

social orientation and relationships

Answer 8

independent = person as separate, wn traints, own ideas
interdependent = people in ingroup are interlinked. this person is part of me.

Question 9

neural evidence of self-differences:

Answer 9

independent cultures: less activation when thinking about mom vs when thinking about self

interdependent cultures: more similar activation when thinking about mom vs self.

Question 10

define self esteem

Answer 10

positive or negative evaluations you have of yourself. your sense of self-worth

Question 11

self serving bias

Answer 11

tendency to perceive self favourable

Question 12

self esteem and culture

Answer 12

north american = high self esteem, self-enhancement

east asian = low self esteem, self critical.

Question 13

dignity cultures

Answer 13

believe that individuals are valuable in own right. - dont get worth from others.
-NA, europe.

Question 14

honor cultures

Answer 14

highly sensitive to reputation. strong norm of retaliation. usually laws and enforcement are weak.

Question 15

face cultures

Answer 15

protect social image but trying not to insult, overly criticize or disagree in public

Question 16

comparing cultures to traits in big 5?

Answer 16

nope. didnt work. no correlations with stereotypes.perhaps due to self reference effect

Question 17

define self-reference effect

Answer 17

tendency to encode info differently depending on level on which self is implicated in information.

Question 18

culture fit

Answer 18

people do best when their personality characteristics fit their cultural environment

Question 19

japan: NEET
self report
behaviours

Answer 19

not in education, employment, training. extremely not fitting in.
self-report: less social, less interdependent.
behaviour: less sensitive to japanese vocal tones