development

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of age-related changes in behavioural and cognitive process

Question 2

4 issues in developmental psych

Answer 2

1. nature vs nurture
2. critical and sensitive period
3. stability vs change
4. continuous vs stage changes

Question 3

3 research designs

Answer 3

1. cross sectional: different age groups at one time (cheaper, one-shot method, cohort efect)
2. longitudinal : same participants studied over time - difference over time, control for upbringing. lot of time and resources and increased drop out.
3. sequential: cross sectional but follow same groups longitudinally. helps with cohort differences, more costly, complicated & increased drop-out.

Question 4

define maturation

Answer 4

the programmed biological process that governs our growth.

Question 5

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 5

head grows first, then the body

Question 6

proximodistal principles

Answer 6

grow from inside to outside

Question 7

three stages of prenatal development

Answer 7

1. germinal -zygote attaches to uterus wall
2. embryonic - placenta and umbilical cord develop.
   3 fetal - 28 weeks = age of viability. rapid weight gain and detailing body organs and systems.

Question 8

sex determination

Answer 8

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.

Y androgen with TDF initiates development of testis.

Question 9

prenatal development - risk factors

Answer 9

1. maternal factors: malnutrition, stress
2. teratogens: alcohol, smoke aspirin.
3. disease - STI

Question 10

FASD

Answer 10

fetal alcohol syndrome - mild to severe cognitive, behavioural and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Question 11

childhood - the brain development.

• birth weight of brain, 6 month weight of brain
• continued development of synapses
• order of brain development

Answer 11

birth = 25% of adult brain, 6 months = 50% of adult brain.

• synapse formation (more neurons) - infancy to early childhood. synapse pruning (less neurons, more efficient) - childhood to adolescence.
• starts with areas related to body function - brainstem; later more complex cognition - association cortexes.

Question 12

Newborn sensation and perception

Answer 12

very near sighted - only see 20-4- cm away. – develops continually.
preferential looking procedure: infants prefer novel complex patterns over familiar simple ones.
hearing - phenome discrimination exceeds that of adult, disappears by 1 year of age.

Question 13

environmental and cultural influences

Answer 13

consistent breastfeeding assoc with improved cognitive development
more interaction with people and objects = thrive. physical touch affects growth positively.

Question 14

adolescence - physical development
puberty
brain

Answer 14

puberty - the brains hypothalamus signal pituitary to increase hormonal secretions. mature/produce primary sex characteristic (organs) and secondary sex characteristic (features)

Question 15

the adolescent brain

Answer 15

new neural connections while pruning massive number of synaptic connections. prefrontal and limbic system = role in planning, coordinating behaviour behaviours that satisfy motivational goals.

Question 16

adulthood - physical developments

Answer 16

• young adults (20-40) peak functioning.
• mid -adulthood -(40-60) visual acuity declines; physical status declines at mid-life.
• menopause - stop menstruation between 45-55, lose estrogen, and fertility, bones may be brittle, slow to heal. men’s fertility decreases after middle age also.

Question 17

adulthood - brain

Answer 17

lose brain tissue 5-10% lost every 10 years from 40 years old. - frontal and parietal lobes mostly.
- memory, declines in late 30’s. stronger declines in recall than recognition.

Question 18

use it or lose it? maintaining cognitive functioning

Answer 18

70% of participants maintained level of functioning btw 67-74
retain fxn = engage in more cognitively stimulating jobs and personal activities, marry spouse with greater intellectual ability, maintain high level of perceptual processing speed.

Question 19

piagets stage theory of cognitive growth

Answer 19

sensorimotor: achieve object permanence by 8 months.
pre-operational: world represented symbolically (shoe - real & pic); pretend play, egocentrism (fails to see someone else’s perspective
concrete operational: basic mental operations, learn conservation. failr hypothetical problems
formal operational: form hypotheses and systematically test or them .

Question 20

beyond piagets theory

Answer 20

adolescent egocentrism: overestimation of feelings, experiences - personal fable
oversensitivity to social evaluation (imaginary audience)
post-formal: accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences, spatial memory declines, recall declines more slowly than recognition.

Question 21

define theory of mind

Answer 21

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have their own, possibly different mental states.

Question 22

describe the false belief task

Answer 22

test theory of mind: measures individuals understanding of others perspective.
put ball under red box, sally leaves, move it. if child says sally thinks its under red box = pass. move it = fail

Question 23

scaffolding // zone of proximal development

Answer 23

1. requires collaborative interaction between learner and learning helper.
2. push to zone of proximal development - far enough so they learn, not too hard so they give up.
3. learning helper provides scaffolding support as needed.

Question 24

define attachment

Answer 24

strong emotional bond between children and primary caregivers

Question 25

harlow

Answer 25

contact comfort more important than nourishment. | contact with "mom"/comfort changes personality. more curious when comfort is present

Question 26

testing attachment

Answer 26

mother leaves test.

Question 27

secure attachment

Answer 27

curious when mom is present. distressed when she leaves, greets mom happily and gets comfort from her being back.

Question 28

insecurely attached anxious - resistant anxious - avoidant

Answer 28

resistant: sad when mom leaves, upset when she comes back, dont get comfort when she comes back avoidant: no comfort from her coming back - angry & ignore her..

Question 29

daycare & attachment

Answer 29

high quality daycare did not affect parental attachment | no difference in cognitive behaviour for low quality and improvement for high quality

Question 30

kohlberg's stage theoryof moral development

Answer 30

preconventional - punishment/ obedience. instrumental/ hedonistic = right and wrong conventional: good child/law & order = based on conformity post conventional: social contract orientation, universal ethics principles. = general principles following one's conscience.

Question 31

erikson's psychosocial theory - childhood

Answer 31

childhood: trust/mustrust; autonomy/shame&doubt; initiative/guilt; industry/inferiority

Question 32

erikson;s psychosocial theory - adulthood

Answer 32

identiy vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair

Question 33

4 identity crisis states

Answer 33

moratorium : current identity crisis identity diffusion: no ID crisis yet, uncommited to role foreclosure: adpoting role without going through ID crisis ID achievement: gone through ID crisisl successfully resolved.

Question 34

sex vs gender gender identity gender constancy

Answer 34

gender identity : sense of femaleness/maleness (2-3 YOA) | gender constancy: understanding one's sex is permanent (6-7 YOA)

Question 35

gender role development

Answer 35

observational learning | rewards and punishments

Question 36

define: | sex typing

Answer 36

involves treated others differently based on sex.

Question 37

emotion regulation

Answer 37

process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.

Question 38

temperament

Answer 38

style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to environment easy infants, difficult infants, slow-to-warm-up infants behavioural ihibition = shyness, inhibited. uninhibited = more social, verbal.

Question 39

assessment of piaget's theory

Answer 39

1. general cognitice abilities develop in the same order across cultures 2. acquire skills earlier than piaget believed 3. each stage seems to proceed inconsistently, not in distinct stages 4. culture influences 5. more complex and variable than piaget proposed.

Question 40

relationship with parents and peers

Answer 40

teen-parent conflict not as severe as assumed. serious problem - go to parents. right to preserve independence = ok to lie at times parent-teen conflict correlated with other signs of distress = school misconduct, lower self esteem, more drug use parental influence remains high on political, religious, moral and career issues.

Question 41

marriage | which erikson stages relate to this?

Answer 41

intimacy vs isolation : form close friendships and love generatiity vs stagnation : doing things for others, make world a better place integrity vs despair : complete/fulfilled if earlier stages resolved

Question 42

how has average family changed in terms of successful marriage

Answer 42

- emotional closeless, communication, problem solves. willingness to accept and support changes in partner.

Question 43

parenting - marital satisfaction? - styles of parenting

Answer 43

- marital satisfaction decreases first few years after child is born - typically increases after children have left home. authoritative: warm, controlling = most positive childhood outcomes authoritarian: cold, controlling indulgent: warm, not controlling neglectful: cold, not controlling. = insecurely attached children, low achievement motivation

Question 44

divorce rate effect on children

Answer 44

highest rate 3-4 years after marriage. some psych problems, but adapt. high conflict marriages worse than divorce.

Question 45

career - how many changes per life? - job-fit theory

Answer 45

- 6-7 changes in life - job- fit theory: fit of job important to success. personality-job; person-environment; culture-fit.

Question 46

mid-life crisis

Answer 46

little support

Question 47

older age relationships? extra or intraversion?

Answer 47

fewer, but closer relationships | less extraverted, more introverted.

Question 48

ageism

Answer 48

western cultures have negative attitudes towards old age - mentally slow, socially impaired - less negative in other cultures

Question 49

death and grieving | - 5 stages of grief

Answer 49

- denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance