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development Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of age-related changes in behavioural and cognitive process

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2
Q

4 issues in developmental psych

A
  1. nature vs nurture
  2. critical and sensitive period
  3. stability vs change
  4. continuous vs stage changes
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3
Q

3 research designs

A
  1. cross sectional: different age groups at one time (cheaper, one-shot method, cohort efect)
  2. longitudinal : same participants studied over time - difference over time, control for upbringing. lot of time and resources and increased drop out.
  3. sequential: cross sectional but follow same groups longitudinally. helps with cohort differences, more costly, complicated & increased drop-out.
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4
Q

define maturation

A

the programmed biological process that governs our growth.

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5
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

head grows first, then the body

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6
Q

proximodistal principles

A

grow from inside to outside

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7
Q

three stages of prenatal development

A
  1. germinal -zygote attaches to uterus wall
  2. embryonic - placenta and umbilical cord develop.
    3 fetal - 28 weeks = age of viability. rapid weight gain and detailing body organs and systems.
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8
Q

sex determination

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.

Y androgen with TDF initiates development of testis.

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9
Q

prenatal development - risk factors

A
  1. maternal factors: malnutrition, stress
  2. teratogens: alcohol, smoke aspirin.
  3. disease - STI
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10
Q

FASD

A

fetal alcohol syndrome - mild to severe cognitive, behavioural and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.

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11
Q

childhood - the brain development.

  • birth weight of brain, 6 month weight of brain
  • continued development of synapses
  • order of brain development
A

birth = 25% of adult brain, 6 months = 50% of adult brain.

  • synapse formation (more neurons) - infancy to early childhood. synapse pruning (less neurons, more efficient) - childhood to adolescence.
  • starts with areas related to body function - brainstem; later more complex cognition - association cortexes.
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12
Q

Newborn sensation and perception

A

very near sighted - only see 20-4- cm away. – develops continually.
preferential looking procedure: infants prefer novel complex patterns over familiar simple ones.
hearing - phenome discrimination exceeds that of adult, disappears by 1 year of age.

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13
Q

environmental and cultural influences

A

consistent breastfeeding assoc with improved cognitive development
more interaction with people and objects = thrive. physical touch affects growth positively.

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14
Q

adolescence - physical development
puberty
brain

A

puberty - the brains hypothalamus signal pituitary to increase hormonal secretions. mature/produce primary sex characteristic (organs) and secondary sex characteristic (features)

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15
Q

the adolescent brain

A

new neural connections while pruning massive number of synaptic connections. prefrontal and limbic system = role in planning, coordinating behaviour behaviours that satisfy motivational goals.

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16
Q

adulthood - physical developments

A
  • young adults (20-40) peak functioning.
  • mid -adulthood -(40-60) visual acuity declines; physical status declines at mid-life.
  • menopause - stop menstruation between 45-55, lose estrogen, and fertility, bones may be brittle, slow to heal. men’s fertility decreases after middle age also.
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17
Q

adulthood - brain

A

lose brain tissue 5-10% lost every 10 years from 40 years old. - frontal and parietal lobes mostly.
- memory, declines in late 30’s. stronger declines in recall than recognition.

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18
Q

use it or lose it? maintaining cognitive functioning

A

70% of participants maintained level of functioning btw 67-74
retain fxn = engage in more cognitively stimulating jobs and personal activities, marry spouse with greater intellectual ability, maintain high level of perceptual processing speed.

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19
Q

piagets stage theory of cognitive growth

A

sensorimotor: achieve object permanence by 8 months.
pre-operational: world represented symbolically (shoe - real & pic); pretend play, egocentrism (fails to see someone else’s perspective
concrete operational: basic mental operations, learn conservation. failr hypothetical problems
formal operational: form hypotheses and systematically test or them .

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20
Q

beyond piagets theory

A

adolescent egocentrism: overestimation of feelings, experiences - personal fable
oversensitivity to social evaluation (imaginary audience)
post-formal: accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences, spatial memory declines, recall declines more slowly than recognition.

21
Q

define theory of mind

A

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have their own, possibly different mental states.

22
Q

describe the false belief task

A

test theory of mind: measures individuals understanding of others perspective.
put ball under red box, sally leaves, move it. if child says sally thinks its under red box = pass. move it = fail

23
Q

scaffolding // zone of proximal development

A
  1. requires collaborative interaction between learner and learning helper.
  2. push to zone of proximal development - far enough so they learn, not too hard so they give up.
  3. learning helper provides scaffolding support as needed.
24
Q

define attachment

A

strong emotional bond between children and primary caregivers

25
Q

harlow

A

contact comfort more important than nourishment.

contact with “mom”/comfort changes personality. more curious when comfort is present

26
Q

testing attachment

A

mother leaves test.

27
Q

secure attachment

A

curious when mom is present. distressed when she leaves, greets mom happily and gets comfort from her being back.

28
Q

insecurely attached
anxious - resistant
anxious - avoidant

A

resistant: sad when mom leaves, upset when she comes back, dont get comfort when she comes back
avoidant: no comfort from her coming back - angry & ignore her..

29
Q

daycare & attachment

A

high quality daycare did not affect parental attachment

no difference in cognitive behaviour for low quality and improvement for high quality

30
Q

kohlberg’s stage theoryof moral development

A

preconventional - punishment/ obedience. instrumental/ hedonistic = right and wrong
conventional: good child/law & order = based on conformity
post conventional: social contract orientation, universal ethics principles. = general principles following one’s conscience.

31
Q

erikson’s psychosocial theory - childhood

A

childhood: trust/mustrust; autonomy/shame&doubt; initiative/guilt; industry/inferiority

32
Q

erikson;s psychosocial theory - adulthood

A

identiy vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
integrity vs despair

33
Q

4 identity crisis states

A

moratorium : current identity crisis

identity diffusion: no ID crisis yet, uncommited to role

foreclosure: adpoting role without going through ID crisis

ID achievement: gone through ID crisisl successfully resolved.

34
Q

sex vs gender
gender identity
gender constancy

A

gender identity : sense of femaleness/maleness (2-3 YOA)

gender constancy: understanding one’s sex is permanent (6-7 YOA)

35
Q

gender role development

A

observational learning

rewards and punishments

36
Q

define:

sex typing

A

involves treated others differently based on sex.

37
Q

emotion regulation

A

process by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.

38
Q

temperament

A

style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to environment
easy infants, difficult infants, slow-to-warm-up infants
behavioural ihibition = shyness, inhibited.
uninhibited = more social, verbal.

39
Q

assessment of piaget’s theory

A
  1. general cognitice abilities develop in the same order across cultures
  2. acquire skills earlier than piaget believed
  3. each stage seems to proceed inconsistently, not in distinct stages
  4. culture influences
  5. more complex and variable than piaget proposed.
40
Q

relationship with parents and peers

A

teen-parent conflict not as severe as assumed.
serious problem - go to parents.
right to preserve independence = ok to lie at times
parent-teen conflict correlated with other signs of distress = school misconduct, lower self esteem, more drug use
parental influence remains high on political, religious, moral and career issues.

41
Q

marriage

which erikson stages relate to this?

A

intimacy vs isolation : form close friendships and love
generatiity vs stagnation : doing things for others, make world a better place
integrity vs despair : complete/fulfilled if earlier stages resolved

42
Q

how has average family changed in terms of successful marriage

A
  • emotional closeless, communication, problem solves. willingness to accept and support changes in partner.
43
Q

parenting

  • marital satisfaction?
  • styles of parenting
A
  • marital satisfaction decreases first few years after child is born
  • typically increases after children have left home.

authoritative: warm, controlling = most positive childhood outcomes
authoritarian: cold, controlling
indulgent: warm, not controlling
neglectful: cold, not controlling. = insecurely attached children, low achievement motivation

44
Q

divorce
rate
effect on children

A

highest rate 3-4 years after marriage.

some psych problems, but adapt.
high conflict marriages worse than divorce.

45
Q

career

  • how many changes per life?
  • job-fit theory
A
  • 6-7 changes in life
  • job- fit theory: fit of job important to success.
    personality-job; person-environment; culture-fit.
46
Q

mid-life crisis

A

little support

47
Q

older age
relationships?
extra or intraversion?

A

fewer, but closer relationships

less extraverted, more introverted.

48
Q

ageism

A

western cultures have negative attitudes towards old age

  • mentally slow, socially impaired
  • less negative in other cultures
49
Q

death and grieving

- 5 stages of grief

A
  • denial
  • anger
  • bargaining
  • depression
  • acceptance

Psych 105 (12 decks)

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