social psych part 2

Question 1

define ingroup

Answer 1

social group that person psychologically identifies with as being a member

Question 2

define outgroup

Answer 2

social group that person does not psychologically identify with as being a member.

Question 3

categorization levels

Answer 3

intermediate - based on perceived social similarities

subordinate - unique individuals different from other ingroup members

Question 4

define race

Answer 4

biologically defined. physcial characteristics and genetic origin

Question 5

define ethnicity

Answer 5

culturally defined. shared social and cultural heritage

Question 6

empathy

Answer 6

response characterized by feelings of warmth, compassion, concern for others

Question 7

racial identity

Answer 7

sense of group or collective identity based on one’s perception that they share common racial heritage

Question 8

stanford prison study

Answer 8

perceived effects of power. becoming the role = the role becomes you.

Question 9

define interpersonal relationship

Answer 9

attachments in which bonds tie together 2+ individuals over extended period of time

Question 10

evolution and relationships

Answer 10

1. affiliation important to survive

2. provides many benefits - protection, division of labour, passin on cultural knowledge

Question 11

initial attraction

Answer 11

physical proximity - good indicator of who we’ll meet

mere exposure - see more, like more.

Question 12

perceived similarity

Answer 12

similar demographics usually = closer friends

Question 13

attractiveness

Answer 13

beautiful = good.

halo effect = beautiful - associated with more positive characteristics.

Question 14

matching effect

Answer 14

partner whose physical attractiveness is similar to our own.

Question 15

deepening relationships

Answer 15

broader, deeper

Question 16

importance of self disclosure

Answer 16

foster close relationships, share innermost thoughts & feelings, intimacy and trust

Question 17

social exchange theory

Answer 17

relationship governed by rewards and costs.

1. comparison - compare with expectation. greater than expectation = satisfied
2. alternative - compare with other potential alternatives. better than alternatives = committed.

Question 18

love - triangular theory

Answer 18

intimacy, passion, commitment

Question 19

consummate love

Answer 19

passion, intimacy, commitment (ideal love - western idea)

Question 20

infatuation

Answer 20

passion

Question 21

intimacy

Answer 21

likin

Question 22

commitment

Answer 22

empty love

Question 23

romantic love

Answer 23

passion + intimacy

Question 24

fatuous love

Answer 24

passion + commitment

Question 25

companionate love

Answer 25

intimacy + commitment

Question 26

cognitive arousal theory

Answer 26

high physiological arousal can lead to wrongful attribution of that feeling towards another person.
AKA transfer of excitation

Question 27

four horsemen of relationships

Answer 27

criticism - attack character
contempt - superiority
defensiveness - self-protection
stonewalling - withdraw listening

Question 28

kin selection theory

Answer 28

helping key to survival of genes.

Question 29

theory of reciprocal altruism

Answer 29

helping people gets them to help you = long term cooperation

Question 30

behave in social norms. 3 aspects

Answer 30

reciprocity
social responsibility - should help regardless of payback
socialization - if taught empathy = more pro-social

Question 31

bystander effect

Answer 31

helping behaviour reduced by presence of others

Question 32

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 32

responsibility diffused among others present

Question 33

audience inhibition

Answer 33

uncomfortable acting in from of others, especially in unclear situation

Question 34

effects on helping

Answer 34

• know how to help
• time pressure
• recently observing prosocial model
• being in good mood

Question 35

who do we help?

Answer 35

people that are similar to use.
females - help all genders equally
males - help females more than males.
responsibility for misfortune

Question 36

just-world hypothesis

Answer 36

view world as fair, perceived that people get what they deserve

Question 37

minority influence

Answer 37

minority may influence majority
minority influence strongest when: 1. highly consistent position over time. 2. not too extreme in ideas. (more extreme makes majority push even further away

Question 38

categorization & Us-Them thinking

Answer 38

categorize people to help us react to environment quickly and predict other’s behaviour. = lays foundation for prejudice.
leads to perception of us-them thinking.

Question 39

in group favouritism

Answer 39

favour in group members and attribute more positive qualities.

Question 40

out group derogation

Answer 40

attribute more negative qualities to “them”

Question 41

out group homogeneity bias

Answer 41

view members of out-group as being more similar to one another than are members of in-groups.

Question 42

how prejudice confirms itself

Answer 42

sulf-fullfilling prophecies. negative stereotypes = discriminatory behaviour causes applicant to perform more poorly, ultimately confirming stereotype

Question 43

stereotype threat

Answer 43

stereotypes create a fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members.

Question 44

biological factors in aggression

Answer 44

identical twins more similar aggressive behaviour patterns

Question 45

lesion of what area may decrease aggression?

Answer 45

amygdala. but no one area completely dedicated to aggression.

Question 46

association cortex of agression

Answer 46

frontal lobe - impusle control.

in murderers- more subcortical activity, less frontal lobe activity.

Question 47

low serotonin and aggression

Answer 47

low impusle control. lash out with emotional rage.

Question 48

testosterone and aggression

Answer 48

higher testosterone = greater social aggression, unprovoked aggressive acts;

Question 49

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 49

frustration leads to aggression, aggression result of frustration.

Question 50

evidence against frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 50

frustration = despair, resignation.

aggression increased by pain, provocation, crowding, heat

Question 51

aggression - how is it learnt?

Answer 51

modelling aggressive behaviours.