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Biology > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the left and right sides of the heart separated by?

A

a wall of muscular tissue called the septum

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2
Q

How does the heart receive its blood supply?

A

through arteries on its surface called coronary arteries

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3
Q

Why is it important that the coronary arteries remain clear of plaques?

A

as this could lead to angina or a heart attack

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4
Q

Why does the heart require its own blood supply?

A

it is a muscle and so requires its own blood supply for aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Why are valves important?

A
  • they keep blood flowing forward in the right direction and stop it flowing backwards
  • they also maintain the correct pressure in the chambers of the heart
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6
Q

What are the names of the two blood vessels taking blood away from the heart?

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

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7
Q

What is the name of the two blood vessels bringing blood to the heart?

A

vena cava and pulmonary vein

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8
Q

What valve separates the left ventricle and aorta?

A

aortic valve

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9
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

the mitral valve - the bicuspid valve

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10
Q

What valve separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary valve

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11
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

the atrioventricular valve - the tricuspid valve

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12
Q

When do valves close?

A

when the pressure of blood in front of them is greater than the pressure behind them

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13
Q

When do valves open?

A

when the pressure of blood behind them is greater than the pressure in front of them

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14
Q

Why is the septum important?

A

it ensures blood doesn’t mix between the left and right sides of the heart

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15
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart (usually at high pressure) to tissues

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles which transport blood into capillaries

17
Q

Veins

A

transport blood to the heart (usually at low pressure)

18
Q

Venules

A

these narrower blood vessels transport blood from the capillaries to the veins

19
Q

What are the three layers of the artery wall?

A

tunica adventitia/externa, tunica media and tunica intima

20
Q

What is the tunica intima made up of?

A

an endothelial layer, a layer of connective tissue and a layer of elastic fibres

21
Q

What is the structure of the endothelium?

A

the endothelium is one cell thick and lines the lumen of all blood vessels - it is very smooth and reduces friction for free blood flow

22
Q

What is the tunica media made up of?

A

smooth muscle cells and a thick layer of elastic tissue

23
Q

Why do arteries have a thick tunica media?

A
  • the layer of muscle cells strengthen the arteries so they can withstand high pressure; it also enables them to contract and narrow the lumen for reduced blood flow
  • the elastic tissue helps to maintain blood pressure in the arteries; it stretches and recoils to even out any fluctuations in pressure
24
Q

Describe the type of circulatory system of a bird

A

double and closed circulatory system

25
Q

Describe how oncotic pressure is established

A
  • large plasma proteins are too large to fit through fenestrations in capillary endothelial wall
  • so remain in blood, lowering water potential and generating a high hydrostatic pressure
  • water moves into blood by osmosis
26
Q

Explain how haemoglobin acts as a buffer

A
  • CO2 and water form carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid dissociates giving H+
  • H+ binds to haemoglobin
  • so CO2 can be carries as HCO3 -
27
Q

What does atrial fibrillation look like on an ECG?

A
  • no visible P waves
  • irregular QRS complexes
  • a lot more additional smaller waves of differing sizes
28
Q

What do the walls of arteries contain so that they can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure?

A

a lot of elastic fibres

29
Q

How much muscle is in the walls of the venules?

A

little muscle

30
Q

Do the walls of arteries contain a lot of muscle fibres to contract and generate pressure in the blood?

A

No

31
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

extra heartbeats outside of the normal rhythm

32
Q

Why do multicellular organisms require transport systems?

A
  • large size (small surface area to volume ratio), subsequently high metabolic rates
  • demand for oxygen is high, so need a specialised system to ensure a strong supply to all respiring tissues
33
Q

Summarise the different types of circulatory system

A
  • Open: blood can diffuse out of vessels e.g. insects
  • Closed: blood confined to vessels e.g. fish, mammals
    • Single: blood passes through pump once per circuit of the body
    • Double: blood passes through heart twice per circuit of the body
34
Q

Relate the structure of arteries to their function

A

Thick, muscular walls to handle high pressure without tearing. Elastic tissue allows recoil to prevent pressure surges. Narrow lumen to maintain pressure.

35
Q

Relate the structure of veins to their function

A

Thin walls due to lower pressure. Require valves to ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards. Have less muscular and elastic tissue as they don’t have to control blood flow.

36
Q

Relate the structure of capillaries to their function

A
  • walls only one cell thick; short diffusion pathway
  • very narrow, so can permeate tissues and red blood cells can lie flat against the wall, effectively delivering oxygen to tissues
  • numerous and highly branched, providing a large surface area
37
Q

Relate the structure of arterioles and venules to their function

A
  • branch off arteries and veins in order to feed blood into capillaries
  • smaller than arteries and veins so that the change in pressure is more gradual as blood passes through increasingly small vessels
38
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

A watery substance containing glucose, amino acids, oxygen, and other nutrients. It supplies these to cells, while also removing any waste materials.

39
Q

What types of pressure influence formation of tissue fluid?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure = higher at arterial end of capillary than venous end
  • Oncotic pressure = changing water potential of the capillaries as water moves out, induced by proteins in the plasma.

Biology (27 decks)

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