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Biology > Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system > Flashcards

Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

a disease caused by a pathogen that passes from infected individuals to uninfected individuals

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2
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

a long-term disease that is not caused by pathogens

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3
Q

What are the four pathogens?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists

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4
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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5
Q

What is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in humans?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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6
Q

How does tuberculosis affect humans?

A

the bacteria infects the lungs, causing a chronic cough and bloody mucus

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7
Q

What is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in cows?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

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8
Q

Can the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in cows transmit and infect humans?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What pathogen causes ring rot?

A

bacteria

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10
Q

What does ring rot affect and how?

A

in potato plants and the bacteria infect the vascular tissue and prevent the transport of water, causing the plant to wilt and die

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11
Q

Give an example of a bacterial disease in humans.

A

Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Give two examples of a viral disease in humans

A

HIV/AIDS and Influenza

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13
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist in humans

A

malaria

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14
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease in humans

A

Athlete’s foot

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15
Q

How does tuberculosis spread?

A

airborne droplets

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16
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread?

A

bodily fluids

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17
Q

How does influenza spread?

A

airborne droplets

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18
Q

How does malaria spread?

A

female mosquitoes

19
Q

How does athlete’s foot spread?

A

skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual or contact with an item of clothing

20
Q

Give an example of a bacterial disease in plants

A

ring rot

21
Q

What plants does ring rot infect?

A

potato and tomato

22
Q

Give an example of a viral disease in plants

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

23
Q

What plant does TMV infect?

A

tobacco plant

24
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist in plants

A

late blight

25
Q

What plants does late blight affect?

A

potato and tomato

26
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease in plants

A

black sigakota

27
Q

What plant does black sigakota affect?

A

bananas

28
Q

How is ring rot spread?

A

an infected tuber can lead to the growth of infected new plants; contaminated soil, water and equipment

29
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

leaf-to-leaf contact between plants; humans touching different plants

30
Q

How is late blight spread?

A

spores are carried by wind from plant to plant

31
Q

How is black sigakota spread?

A

leaf-to-leaf contact; spread of spores by humans or within infected plant matter

32
Q

How do viruses infect?

A

they infect host cells and hijack their machinery to replicate their own genetic material and proteins

33
Q

What was the first virus discovered?

A

TMV

34
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A

a distinct yellowing of the leaves which produces a mosaic pattern

35
Q

How many different influenza viruses are that that infect humans?

A

3: Influenza A, B and C

36
Q

Which cells do influenza viruses infect?

A

the cells that line the airways

37
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza?

A

high temperature, body aches and fatigue

38
Q

Which of the influenza viruses causes the most cases of flu globally?

A

Influenza A

39
Q

What is the structure of the genetic material in influenza A?

A

it has a capsid that surrounds 8 single-stranded molecules of RNA

40
Q

Outline the role of B memory cells in the secondary immune response

A

rapidly divide to form plasma cells which produce antibodies

41
Q

Outline the roles of phagosomes and lysosomes in phagocytosis

A
  • Phagocyte engulfs pathogen in a phagosome
  • Lysosomes combine with phagosome
  • Lysosome enzymes break down/digest pathogen
42
Q

What is the pathogen that causes malaria called?

A

Plasmodium

43
Q

What are antibodies also called?

A

immunoglobulins

Biology (24 decks)

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