Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system Flashcards
What is a communicable disease?
a disease caused by a pathogen that passes from infected individuals to uninfected individuals
What is a non-communicable disease?
a long-term disease that is not caused by pathogens
What are the four pathogens?
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists
Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
What is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in humans?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
How does tuberculosis affect humans?
the bacteria infects the lungs, causing a chronic cough and bloody mucus
What is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in cows?
Mycobacterium bovis
Can the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in cows transmit and infect humans?
Yes
What pathogen causes ring rot?
bacteria
What does ring rot affect and how?
in potato plants and the bacteria infect the vascular tissue and prevent the transport of water, causing the plant to wilt and die
Give an example of a bacterial disease in humans.
Tuberculosis
Give two examples of a viral disease in humans
HIV/AIDS and Influenza
Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist in humans
malaria
Give an example of a fungal disease in humans
Athlete’s foot
How does tuberculosis spread?
airborne droplets
How does HIV/AIDS spread?
bodily fluids
How does influenza spread?
airborne droplets
How does malaria spread?
female mosquitoes
How does athlete’s foot spread?
skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual or contact with an item of clothing
Give an example of a bacterial disease in plants
ring rot
What plants does ring rot infect?
potato and tomato
Give an example of a viral disease in plants
Tobacco mosaic virus
What plant does TMV infect?
tobacco plant
Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist in plants
late blight
What plants does late blight affect?
potato and tomato
Give an example of a fungal disease in plants
black sigakota
What plant does black sigakota affect?
bananas
How is ring rot spread?
an infected tuber can lead to the growth of infected new plants; contaminated soil, water and equipment
How is TMV spread?
leaf-to-leaf contact between plants; humans touching different plants
How is late blight spread?
spores are carried by wind from plant to plant
How is black sigakota spread?
leaf-to-leaf contact; spread of spores by humans or within infected plant matter
How do viruses infect?
they infect host cells and hijack their machinery to replicate their own genetic material and proteins
What was the first virus discovered?
TMV
What are the symptoms of TMV?
a distinct yellowing of the leaves which produces a mosaic pattern
How many different influenza viruses are that that infect humans?
3: Influenza A, B and C
Which cells do influenza viruses infect?
the cells that line the airways
What are the symptoms of influenza?
high temperature, body aches and fatigue
Which of the influenza viruses causes the most cases of flu globally?
Influenza A
What is the structure of the genetic material in influenza A?
it has a capsid that surrounds 8 single-stranded molecules of RNA
Outline the role of B memory cells in the secondary immune response
rapidly divide to form plasma cells which produce antibodies
Outline the roles of phagosomes and lysosomes in phagocytosis
- Phagocyte engulfs pathogen in a phagosome
- Lysosomes combine with phagosome
- Lysosome enzymes break down/digest pathogen
What is the pathogen that causes malaria called?
Plasmodium
What are antibodies also called?
immunoglobulins
