Respiration Flashcards
Give three examples of processes that require energy
- Active transport
- Movement
- Formation of complex molecules
Give the symbol equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
What are the components of ATP?
three phosphate groups, a pentose sugar (ribose) and the base adenine
What happens when we react ATP with water?
the end phosphate can leave which releases energy
What type of reaction is the reaction between ATP and water?
a hydrolysis reaction
The hydrolysis reaction of ATP is catalysed by what enzyme?
ATP hydrolase/ATPase
What are produced by the hydrolysis of ATP?
ADP, a phosphate ion and energy is released
What is involved in the process of reforming ATP and what is the process called?
phosphorylation and it is where energy from glucose is used to add a phosphate ion back on to ADP
What are the two processes in respiration that can reform ATP?
substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Which process in respiration produces the vast majority of ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
Describe substrate-level phosphorylation reactions
A molecule is converted into another molecule and this reaction releases energy. The energy is used to form a molecule of ATP from ADP and Pi.
Describe dehydrogenation/oxidation
a hydrogen and two electrons are removed from a molecule
What happens to the two electrons on the hydrogen that has been removed from a molecule during a dehydrogenation reaction?
they are transferred to a hydrogen carrier such as the coenzyme NAD, forming reduced NAD
What is reduced NAD/NADH used for?
used to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
What is the first stage of respiration?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
In the first stage of glycolysis, what happens?
The glucose molecule reacts with two molecules of ATP. These ATP molecules each transfer one phosphate onto the glucose molecule.
What is the product of the first stage of glycolysis called?
hexose bisphosphate
What happens to the hexose bisphosphate?
it splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
What happens to the triose phosphates?
an inorganic phosphate ion from the cytoplasm now reacts with each molecule of triose phosphate, forming two molecules of triose bisphosphate
What happens to each triose bisphosphate molecule?
It is converted to a molecule of pyruvate. During this reaction, hydrogen is removed from the triose bisphosphate molecules. This hydrogen is added onto NAD forming reduced NAD. Also, each phosphate group on triose bisphosphate is added to ADP, forming ATP.
For each triose bisphosphate molecule, how many molecules of ATP are made?
two
What is the net yield of ATP during glycolysis and the other products?
two molecules of ATP, two molecules of reduced NAD and two molecules of pyruvate
What is the second stage of respiration?
the Link reaction
