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Biology > Manipulating Genomes > Flashcards

Manipulating Genomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define DNA sequencing

A

working out the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA

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2
Q

Define genome

A

all the genetic material of an organism

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3
Q

Define intron

A

a region of non-coding DNA or RNA

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4
Q

Define exon

A

a sequence of DNA that codes for an amino acid sequence

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5
Q

Define DNA profiling

A

producing an image of the patterns in the non-coding DNA of an individual

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6
Q

Define polymerase chain reaction

A

a process by which a small sample of DNA can be amplified using specific enzymes and temperature changes

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7
Q

Define restriction endonucleases

A

enzymes that chop a strand of DNA into small pieces

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8
Q

Define electrophoresis

A

a type of chromatography that relies on the way charged particles move through a gel under the influence of an electric current and it is used to separate nucleic acid fragments or proteins

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9
Q

Define minisatellite

A

sequences of 20-25 base pairs will be repeated from 50 to several hundred times (variable number of Tandem repeats VNTR’s)

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10
Q

Define microsatellite

A

a region of 2-4 bases repeated 5-15 times (short Tandem repeats STR’s)

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11
Q

Define telomere

A

the distinctive cap-like structure present at the end of each strand of DNA and provide protection against DNA damage

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12
Q

Define centromere

A

the region at which 2 chromatids are held together

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13
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

it can take a fragment of DNA and produce millions of copies in a short period of time - it is a method of amplifying DNA

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14
Q

What is in a PCR reaction mixture?

A

DNA, free nucleotides, primers and Taq polymerase

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15
Q

What is the role of DNA primers in PCR?

A

They are artificial complimentary sequences of DNA that latch onto the desired sequences so that DNA polymerase can attach to the strand and begin synthesising a complimentary strand.

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16
Q

What is the role of Taq DNA polymerase in PCR?

A

It is a temperature resistant enzyme responsible for DNA replication by assembling nucleotides along a complimentary strand.

17
Q

What is the role of fluorescent markers in PCR?

A

Allows you to see how much DNA has been amplified

18
Q

What are primers complimentary to in PCR?

A

primers are complimentary to the sequence at the beginning of the piece of DNA you want to look at

19
Q

What temperature does the denaturing stage in PCR take place at?

A

95 degrees C

20
Q

What temperature does the annealing stage of PCR take place at?

A

55 degrees C

21
Q

What temperature does the extension stage of PCR take place at?

A

72 degrees C

22
Q

What happens in the denaturing stage of PCR?

A

this stage breaks the hydrogen bonds allowing the DNA strands to separate

23
Q

What happens during the annealing stage of PCR?

A

the solution is cooled enough to allow the DNA primers to attach at the start of the STR’s

24
Q

What happens during the extension stage of PCR?

A

Taq polymerase attaches the nucleotides to synthesise a complimentary strand

25
Q

What are the ingredients in DNA sequencing capillary (chain termination) method?

A
  • DNA strand/fragment to sequence
  • terminator bases (A T C G)
  • primer
  • DNA polymerase
  • free nucleotides (A T C G)
26
Q

What are terminator bases also known as?

A

dioxynucleotides

27
Q

What are the steps in DNA sequencing capillary (chain termination) method?

A

1, starting components mixed together
2, mixture heated to 95 degrees C to separate strands
3, cooled to 50 degrees C to allow the primers to anneal to the DNA
4, heated to 60 degrees C - DNA polymerase synthesises complimentary strands of DNA. If a terminator base is added then the DNA polymerase stops. This will result in an incomplete DNA strand
5, DNA is read in size order with the terminator nucleotide having a fluorescent tag in a base specific colour

28
Q

When did the human genome project start?

A

1990

29
Q

When was the first draft of the human genome project completed?

A

2000

30
Q

When was the human genome project published?

A

2003

31
Q

Why are sequenced genes and genomes useful?

A
  • predicting polypeptide sequences
  • allows artificially made proteins to be produced (synthetic biology)
  • designing biological systems and molecules that don’t exist in humans but may be beneficial
  • DNA can be created from scratch
  • synthesis of new genes to replace faulty ones

Biology (23 decks)

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