Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Transmission of Sensory Information: From Receptor > Flashcards

Transmission of Sensory Information: From Receptor Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 neuron pathways of the somatosensory system

A

first order neuron, second order neuron, third order neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

from receptors (sensory end organs) via primary affect fibers to DRG

A

first order neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the DRG then send sensory information

A

dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

second order neurons send information from where to where

A

spinal cord or brain stem to thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a collection of cell bodies that relay information to the parietal lobe

A

thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

third order neurons send information from where to where

A

thalamus to cerebral cortex and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

means crossing point

A

decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 types of conscious sensation

A

special sense and somatic senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two types of subconscious sensation

A

somatic and visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the changing the form of a stimulus

A

transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the order of events that allow use to differentiate between senses

A

Stimulus at receptor
Generates potential
Threshold met
Action potential is afferent
Message from receptor to DRG
DRG to dorsal horn
Ascends thalamus
Somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of sensory receptors

A

selectivity, adaptation, receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sensory receptors only respond to one sensory stimuli and converts it to an electrical graded potential

A

selectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if the stimulus is maintained the perception of a sensation may fade or even disappear even though the stimulus persists

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of rapid adaptation

A

pressure, tough, smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of slow adaptation

A

pain, body position, chemical composition of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

area of the skin innervated by the primary affect; size of receptor depends on the specific type of receptor

A

receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what areas of the body have the smallest areas where sensory receptors are most dense

A

lips and finger tips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 6 ways to classify receptors

A

structure, source of stimulus, location, sensitivity, rate of adaptation, size of receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two categories of classifying receptors by structure

A

free/diffuse nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what receptors are free/diffuse nerve endings

A

temp, tickle, temp, and some pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what receptors are encapsulated

A

pacinian corpuscle (pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the 3 ways receptors can be classified by stimulus and location

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

detect information from the external environment

A

exteroceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

examples of exteroceptors

A

touch, smell, light, sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where are exteroceptors found

A

in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

detect position sense and muscle tension

A

proprioceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where are proprioceptors found

A

muscles, tendons, joint capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

detect changes within the internal environment of the body

A

interoceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

examples of interoceptors

A

pH, BP, thirst, visceral pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where are interoceptors found

A

walls of digestive structures, blood vessels, respiratory walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 4 types of receptors based on the type of stimulus energy

A

nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mehcanoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does nocere mean

A

to injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

free nerve endings found in skin, muscle, joints, and viscera

A

nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where are nociceptors most numerous

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

small, myelinated and unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibers

A

nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what type of stimuli are nociceptors sensitive to

A

noxious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what type of nerve endings are most numerous in our body and aid in protection

A

free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

examples of stimuli for nociceptors

A

extreme thermal pain (above 45C and below 15C), sharp sensation (mechanical), chemical agents in blood or body fluids or external exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

responds to heat or cold gradients

A

thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what type of nerve endings are thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

can thermoreceptors respond to both heat and cold

A

no, can either respond to hot or cold, never both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where are thermoreceptors found

A

skin, mucous/serous membranes, deep fascia, joints, connective tissue of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

if hot/cold stimulus is outside the gradient for thermoreceptors, what receptors kick in to prevent injury

A

nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

respond to substances released by cells, including damaged cells following an injury or infection

A

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

are chemoreceptors typically free N endings or encapsulated

A

encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

examples of chemoreceptors

A

taste buds, olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium, aortic and carotid bodies respond to changes in O2 in blood, CO2 receptors in the medulla/aortic/carotid bodies, gut receptors that regulate blood glucose/amino/fatty acids in the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

respond to mechanical deformation by touch (course/crude/light), pressure, stretch, vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

hairy

A

non-glaborous skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

hairless

A

glabrous skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

transmits touch (course/crude/light), pressure, tickle, itch, movement of skin

A

superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

examples of superficial cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Hair follicle endings
Meissner’s corpuscles
Merkel’s disks/merkel cell-neurite complex
Raffini
Pacinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

found in hair/nonglabrous skin

A

hair follicle endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the stimuli for hair follicle endings

A

bending of the hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

hair follicle endings are ______ afferent axons and ______ adapating

A

myelinated AB and rapidly

56
Q

are encapsulated and are found at superficially at epidermal-dermal junction in glabrous skin areas

A

meissners corpuscle

57
Q

meissner’s corpuscles can adapt _____ and have a _____ receptive field

A

fast and small

58
Q

stimuli for meissners corpuscle

A

rapid skin displacement (flutter, quick brushing of skin)

59
Q

where are meissner’s corpuscles most numerous

A

finger pads, lips, anterior tongue, toes

60
Q

example of two point discrimination for meissner’s corpuscles

A

braille

61
Q

where are merkel cells founds

A

epidermis/dermis junctions

62
Q

are single large myelinated AB afferent axons that may carry more information from more than one complex

A

merkel cells

63
Q

are merkel cells founds on glabrous or nonglabrous skin

A

glabrous

64
Q

are merkel cells slow or fast adapting

A

slow

65
Q

stimuli for merkel cells and example

A

light, uniform or sustained pressure
Holding a pen

66
Q

discriminative touch

A

Merkel cells
able to tell the difference between objects based on texture, shape, and edges of objects

67
Q

able to recognize something by touch

A

stereognosis

68
Q

ability to recognize symbols that are traced on the skin/palm

A

graphesthesia

69
Q

where are ruffini endings found

A

subcutaneous skin in both glabrous and nonglabrous skin

70
Q

encapsulated and unmeylinated terminal of a myelinated AB afferent

A

raffini endings

71
Q

are raffini endings slow or fast adapting

A

slow

72
Q

stimuli for raffini endings

A

stretch receptor for collagenous stretching (skin and joint capsules) — respond to skin drag

73
Q

most deep and most distributed subcutaneous mechanoreceptor

A

pacinian corpuscles

74
Q

egg-shaped, concentric layers of connective tissue with extracellular fluid in the spaces between

A

pacinian corpuscles

75
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles found

A

hands, feet, aponeuroses and tendon sheaths of skeletal muscles, fascial planes, periosteum, around ligaments, interosseous membrane, in muscles

76
Q

each one has its own heavily myelinated peripheral N fibers

A

pacinian corpuscles

77
Q

are pacinian corpuscles slow or fast adapting

A

fast

78
Q

stimuli for pacinian corpuscles

A

onset and removal of pressure, vibration, tickle

79
Q

primarily concerned with posture, position sense, proprioceptions, muscle one, speed and direction of movement

A

proprioceptors

80
Q

where are proprioceptors located

A

muscles, tendons, joints

81
Q

examples of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, golgi type endings

82
Q

what two components make up position sense

A

kinesthesia and proprioception

83
Q

awareness of body/limbs in space during movement (rate and direction)

A

kinesthesia

84
Q

awareness of static body/limbs in space

A

proprioception

85
Q

sensory organ embedded in skeletal muscle

A

muscle spindle

86
Q

are muscle spindles free nerve endings or encapsulated

A

encapsulated

87
Q

what is the function of muscle spindles

A

provide info about the present length of muscle and the rate of change in length when a muscle is stretched

88
Q

do muscle spindles contribute to bone movements

A

no

89
Q

fire the entire time the muscle is being stretched

A

tonic stretch receptors

90
Q

adapt to a constant stimulus and stop responding; respond briefly to a quick stretch

A

phasic stretch receptors

91
Q

muscle spindles are _____ shaped, meaning they are tapered at the ends

A

fusiform

92
Q

are specialized fibers inside the muscle spindle

A

intrafusal

93
Q

are ordinary striated muscle fibers outside the muscle spindle

A

extrafusal

94
Q

the ends of intrafusal fibers are connected to what

A

extrafusal fibers

95
Q

intrafusal fibers can only contract where

A

at their ends

96
Q

large, sack like, filled with nuclei in the center

A

nuclear bag fibers

97
Q

single row or chain of nuclei, attach at either end of nuclear bag fibers

A

nuclear chain fibers

98
Q

what are the two types of sensory axons that attach to muscle spindles

A

annulospiral endings and flower spray endings

99
Q

annulospiral endings are primary sensory endings of type ____ afferents

A

Ia

100
Q

wrap around the central region of the nuclear bad and nuclear chain

A

annulospiral ending

101
Q

what type of stimuli do annulospiral endings respond to

A

tonic and phasic

102
Q

flower spray endings are secondary sensory ending of type ___ afferents

A

II

103
Q

end mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to primary endings

A

flower spray endings

104
Q

what type of stimuli do flower spray endings respond to

A

tonic only

105
Q

as extrafusal fibers are stretched, ends of intrafusal fibers are stretched and primary and secondary afferents send information to the ____ to adjust muscle tone to fit the task

A

CNS

106
Q

small myelinated axons that signals contraction of intrafusal fibers

A

gamma motor efferents

107
Q

what are gamma motor efferents under the control of

A

CNS (cell bodies in ventral horn of spinal cord)

108
Q

relays tension in tendons

A

golgi tendon organs

109
Q

encapsulated receptors found in tendons near the musculotendinous junctions

A

golgi tendon organs

110
Q

respond to very slight changes in tension to both active muscle contraction and passive stretch

A

golgi tendon organs

111
Q

golgi tendon organs send sensory information to the spinal cord by type ____ afferents

A

Ib

112
Q

what provides the CNS with sensory information to allow normal muscle tone/muscle length tension relationship to be maintained

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

113
Q

when a muscle contracts, what happens at muscle spindles and GTO

A

Spindles not stretched, do not fire
GTO fire under tension

114
Q

what happens at muscle spindle and GTO when muscle is stretched

A

Spindles are stretched, increased sensory info to spinal cord
GTO under tension so also send sensory info

115
Q

if muscle tension is too great or muscle is overstretched, the CNS will send inhibitory message to the ______ to tell muscle to relax

A

alpha motor neuron

116
Q

respond to mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments

A

joint receptors

117
Q

what type of endings in joint capsules signal extremes of joint ROM (type II afferents)

A

ruffini

118
Q

what endings in joint capsules respond to movement

A

paciniform

119
Q

are similar to GTO’s and respond to tension of ligaments in joint capsules

A

ligament receptors

120
Q

what is the end destination for sensory information in the brain

A

parietal lobe

121
Q

where are somatic afferent receptors found

A

skin, joints, muscles

122
Q

examples of somatic afferents

A

pain, temp, light touch, discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, itch, sexual

123
Q

where are visceral afferent receptors found

A

glands, organs, vessel walls, membranes

124
Q

examples of visceral afferent information

A

pain, stretch, pressure, chemical changes

125
Q

how are somatic afferents classified

A

by axon diameter and conductance velocity

126
Q

are large axons that carry information from muscles, tendons and joints

A

large afferent axons

127
Q

myelinated, largest and fastest axons; come from muscle spindles and stimulated by muscle stretch

A

Ia/Aa somatic afferents

128
Q

myelinated, large and fast axons; carries sensory information from GTO’s, ligament receptors, and Ruffini endings; stimulated by tendon or ligament tension

A

Ib somatic afferents

129
Q

carries information from joint capsules, muscle spindles, cutaneous touch, stretch, and pressure receptors

A

medium sized afferents

130
Q

myelinated, medium sized; carries information from muscle spindles, meissners and pacinian corpuscles, ruffini and hair follicle endings

A

II/AB sized afferents

131
Q

what stimulated II/AB medium afferents

A

stimulated by muscle stretch, joint movement, touch, pressure, skin stretch and vibration

132
Q

carries information from MSK systems and skin about crude touch, pain and temp

A

small diameter afferents

133
Q

what are examples of small diameter afferents

A

Adelta and C

134
Q

myelinated, small and fast; carry sensory from hair follicles and free nerve endings; pain, cold temp, crude touch

A

Adelta afferents

135
Q

unmyelinated, small and slow; carries motor into to glands, smooth mm; slow, burning, throbbing, aching pain, warm temp, smell, itch, tickle

A

C afferents

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions