The Brain Stem Flashcards
1
Q
group of cell bodies in the PNS
A
ganglion
2
Q
groups of cell bodies in the CNS
A
nuclei
3
Q
group of cell bodies on the surface of the brain
A
cortex
4
Q
bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS connecting CNS structures
A
tract, fasiculus, column, pedundle, capsule, lemniscus
5
Q
what are the 3 primary functions of the brainstem
A
Conduit: ascending (sensory) and descending (motor and autonomic) tracts
Cranial nerve ganglia and nuclei: sensory and motor for head, neck, viscera and hearing, equilibrium and taste
Reticular formation
6
Q
what does reticular formation help in the regulation of
A
sleep, arousal, pain, perception, visceral activities, cardiovascular and pulmonary function
7
Q
ALS
A
pain, crude touch, temperature
8
Q
DCML
A
proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch
9
Q
spinocerebellar tract
A
unconscious proprioception and coordination to cerebellum
10
Q
what the primary descending tract
A
corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
11
Q
where does the corticospinal tract go to
A
lower motor neurons in lamina 9 of the ventral horn of spinal cord
12
Q
what descending tracts originate in the brainstem, are motor, but do not pass through the pyramids
A
extrapyramidal descending tracts
13
Q
examples of extrapyramidal tracts
A
tectospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, ceruleospinal and raphespinal tracts
14
Q
connects CN 3, 4, and 6 with vestibular nuclei
A
medial longitudinal fasciculus
15
Q
connects cortex to the brainstem
A
corticobulbar (corticobrainstem) tracts
16
Q
bulb
A
brainstem
17
Q
what two tracts cross in the brainstem
A
DCML (ascending) and corticospinal (descending) tracts
18
Q
where is the crossing point in the brainstem
A
pyramids
19
Q
what two CN are associated with midbrain
A
3 and 4
20
Q
what 4 CN are associated with pons
A
5-8
21
Q
what 3 CN are associated with medulla
A
9, 10, 12
22
Q
where is CN 11 nuclei located
A
cervical spinal cord
23
Q
netlike
A
reticulum
24
Q
a neural network of reticular nuclei and axons extending t/o brainstem
A
reticular formation
25
where does reticular formation send information to (4 major regions of the brain)
thalamus, spinal cord, brain stem nuclei, cerebellum
26
what is the main function of the reticular formation
regulates the excitability of cortical neurons through many convergent and divergent synapses
27
what does the reticular formation process and regulate
- process sensory info
- regulate motor function
- regulate autonomic function
- regulate sleep/wake cycles and state of consciousness via Reticular Activating system
- regulate emotional behavior
28
ventral tegmental areas produces what
dopamine
29
pedunculopontine nucleus produces what
acetylcholine
30
raphe nucleis produces what
serotonin
31
locus coeruleus produces what
norepinephrine and epinephrine
32
motivation, decision making, reward seeking, drug addiction, schizophrenia
dopamine
33
influences movement through connections with basal ganglia and emotional system
acetycholine
34
in midline of medulla, pons and midbrain and is associated with mood, pain regulation and sleep
serotonin
35
under floor of 4th ventricle associated with direction of attention and regulation of autonomic functions
norepinephrine and epinephrine
36
what is the anterior division of brainstem and what is primarily there
basilar section, primary motor (descending tracts)
37
what is the posterior division of the brainstem
tegmentum
38
what is in the tegmentum
reticular formation, sensory nuclei an tracts, CN nuclei and medial longitudinal fasciculus
39
most inferior part of brainstem and continuous with spinal cord
medulla
40
location where most of the descending corticospinal tracts decussate
pyramids
41
where does the DCML synapse on
nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuteatus
42
what does DCML decussate to
medial lemniscus
43
what nuclei are found in medulla
spinal tract and nucleus trigeminal N
hypoglossal nucleus
MLF connecting CN 3, 4, 6 and vestibular nuclei
motor nucleus CN 10
solitary nucleus
nucleus ambiguus motor to CN 9 and 10
cochlear and vestibular nuclei CN 8
inferior olivary nucleus
44
nociception and temperature to the face
spinal tract and nucleus of trigeminal N
45
CN motor to the tongue
hypoglossal nucleus
46
coordination of eye movement with head movement
MLF connecting CN 3, 4, 6 and vestibular nuclei
47
gag and swallowing reflex, parasympathetic regulation
motor nucleus CN 10
48
visceral and taste from CN 7, 9, 10
solitary nucleus
49
motor to CN 9 and 10, vocal cords, pharynx, and swallowing
nucleus ambiguus
50
auditory, head position, VOR
cochlear and vestibular nuclei CN 8
51
motor information to cerebellum
inferior olivary nucleus
52
what are the function of medulla
coordinate cardiovascular control
breathing control
head movement
swallowing
tongue movement
SCM and upper trap function
gag reflex
53
continuous with medulla
pons
54
posterior pons borders what
4th ventricle
55
what does the anterior pons containg
descending motor tracts
56
what does posterior pons contain
ascending sensory tracts, MFL, reticular formation and autonomic pathways
57
what tracts synapse in the pons
corticopontine and corticobulbar tracts
58
what are the functions of pons
- process sensory info from face via CN 5
- control lateral eye movement via CN 6
- control facial and chewing muscles via CN 5 and 7
- process motor info from cerebrum and passes it to cerebellum
- conveys info about sound, head movements and head position via CN 8
59
uppermost part of brainstem
midbrain
60
what does the midbrain connect
diencephalon and pons
61
what connects midbrain to cerebellum and is the only way info can lead cerebellum
superior cerebellar peduncle
62
is within the midbrain and receives info from cerebral cortex and projects it to the spinal cord and cerebellum via rubospinal tract
red nucleus
63
part of CN 3 and constricts pupil and adjusts short of lens in eye
edinger-wesphal nucleus
64
pain suppression and coordination of fight or flight response
periaqueductal gray (PAG)
65
what are the two posterior collections of cell bodies that are important relay areas in the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
66
superior colliculi function
orients head/eyes toward external stimuli/movement
67
inferior colliculi function
relays auditory information to thalamus
68
involved in pupillary and accommodation reflexes of the eye
pretectal area
69
what are the functions of the midbrain
- eye movement, pupillary reflexes, shape of lens in eye
- coordination of somatic and autonomic response to nociception
- transmis efferent information from cerebellum to cerebral cortex
- regulation of muscle tone and distal UE extension
- relay of visual and auditory info to cortex
70
branches of the vertebral supply what
medulla
71
branches from basilar supply
pons and cerebellum
72
what artery supplies midbrain
posterior cerebral A
73
4 midline structures that begin with M
- Motor nuclei that move eyes (CN 3, 4, 6) and tongue (CN 12)
- Motor tract - corticospinal tract
- MLF - coordinates eyes with heat
- Medial lemniscus - DCML info to thalamus
74
4 lateral structures that begin with S
- Sympathetic tract that raises eyelids and pupillary dialator muscles
- Spinothalamic tract to thalamus
- Sensory tract of trigeminal N
- Spinocerebellar tract
75
4 CN in medulla
8, 9, 10, 12
76
4 CN in pons
5, 6, 7, 8
77
CN motor nuclei that innervate muscles divide equally into the number 12
3, 4, 6, 12
78
medial brainstem lesion affects
- 4 Ms
- motor nuclei depending on where the brainstem lesion is located
79
lateral brainstem lesion affects
- 4 Ss
- if in pons, affects CN 5, 6, 7, 8
- if in medulla, affects CN 8, 9, 10
80
cause a mix of ipsilateral and contralateral sx and interfere with vital functions and consciousness
brainstem lesions
81
do CN supply ipsilateral or contralateral face and neck
ipsilateral
82
do ascending and descending tracts supply ipsilateral or contralateral body
contralateral
83
what does a lesion in the lower medulla produce
- contralateral hemiplegia
- contralateral loss of proprioception, pressure, vibration, 2 point discrimination
- contralateral pain, temp, touch
- ipsilateral face, head, and neck paresis and paralysis
- may cause heart to stop beating, BP to fluctuate, and/or cessation of breathing
84
occurs with reticular formation or cortical lesions in hypothalamus, thalamus or cortex
disorders of consciousness
85
what can disorders of consciousness lead to
vegetative or minimally conscious state and locked in syndrome
86
brainstem tumors lead to increased what
intracranial pressure
87
sx/outcomes of brainstem lesions
HA, N and V, CN disorders, hydrocephalus
88
example of brainstem tumor that wraps around CN 8 that can cause tinnitus and deadness
acoustic neuroma
89
brainstem ischemia leads to abrupt onset of
dizziness, visual disorders, weakness, incoordination, somatosensory disorders
90
most common brainstem stroke and leads to blockage of PICA
lateral medullary/Wallenberg's syndrome
91
second most common brainstem stroke that leads to blockage of AICA
lateral inferior pons
92
blockage of anterior spinal, vertebral, or basilar artery
medial medullary syndrome
93
occurs most often due to blockage of basilar A and affects medial structures
midbrain stroke
94
how to test for brainstem ischemia/stroke
VBI testing - neck ext/SB/rot
95
what are the 4 Ds of brainstem dysfunction
dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, dysmetria
96
difficulty swallowing - CN 5, 7, 9, 10, 12
dysphagia
97
double vision - CN 3
diploplia
98
difficulty speaking due to poor control of speech muscles
CN 5, 7, 10, 12
99
difficulty controlling distance of movements - cerebella
dysmetria
100
which CN are part of CNS
olfactory and CNS
101
sensory CN cell bodies in _____ outside the brainstem
ganglia
102
motor CN cell bodies in _____ inside the brainstem
nuclei
103
which CNs are myelinated by olgiodendrocytes
olfactory and optic
