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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > ANS and Diencephalon > Flashcards

ANS and Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 structures that make up the dienchepalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamic nuclei

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2
Q

where is the diencephalon located

A

superior to the brainstem

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3
Q

what is the thalamus a collection of

A

nuclei

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4
Q

what are the 3 functional groupings of the thalamus

A
  • relay nuclei
  • association nuclei
  • non-specific nuclei
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5
Q

VA (ventral anterior)

A

motor relay

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6
Q

VL (ventral lateral)

A

motor relay

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7
Q

VPL (ventral posterior lateral)

A

sensory relay

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8
Q

VPM (ventral posteromedial)

A

sensory relay

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9
Q

MGen (medial geniculate)

A

auditory relay

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10
Q

LG (lateral geniculate)

A

vision relay

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11
Q

AN, LD, M

A

declarative memory

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12
Q

MGrp

A

emotion

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13
Q

I, R

A

consciousness, arousal, and attention

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14
Q

excruciating pain that is unresponsive to naroctics and any sort of treatment

A

thalamic pain syndrome

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15
Q

interrupts the vestibular nuclei resulting in lateropulsion (ex: leaning toward the impaired side when having a stroke)

A

posterior thalamus lesion

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16
Q

what is the essential function of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis

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17
Q

what are the other 2 general functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • endocrine functions (temp regulation, regulation of growth and metabolism, reproduction, regulation of circadian rhythms, emotion and behavior, defense behaviors)
  • activates the sympathetic nervous system
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18
Q

where does the hypothalamus regulate hormone secretions from _____ and controls what

A
  • pituitary gland
  • metabolism, reproduction, stress reflex, urine production
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19
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie

A

below optic chiasm, internal carotid arteries and optic N on each side

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20
Q

what does the pituitary gland control

A

adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries/testes

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21
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary produce and regulate

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
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22
Q

regulation of height, glucose synthesis in the liver

A

growth hormone (GH)

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23
Q

increased released of thyroid hormones (T3&$) and influences growth, temperature regulation, and metabolic rate

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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24
Q

stimulates release of glucocoritcoids to increase the release of glucose

A

adrenocorticotropic hormones

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25
Q

sexual reproduction hormones

A

gonadotropins (FSH, LH)

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26
Q

what hormones are stored and excreted in the posterior pituitary

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
  • oxytocin
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27
Q

increases kidney reabsorption of water in kidneys to maintain body hydration and is involved in BP regulation

A

antidiuretic hormone - vasopressin

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28
Q

stimulates smooth muscle in uterus causing labor and delivery in childbirth and ejects milk from breasts

A

oxytocin

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29
Q

symptoms of pituitary lesions

A

HA, nausea, vomiting, irregularities in menstrual cycle, lactation and sexual dysfunction, irregularities in BP

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30
Q

what types of diseases can develop from pituitary dysfunction and how do they present

A
  • acromegaly: large head, hands and feet (may be tall or tall and large)
  • Cushing’s disease - due to excessive ATCH-cortisol (large face)
  • Bitemporal hemianopsia: tunnel vision
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31
Q

what organ does the epithalamus influence the function of

A

pineal gland

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32
Q

endocrine gland innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

A

pineal gland

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33
Q

what functions does the epithalamus regulate

A
  • circadian rhythms
  • secretions of pituitary gland, parthyroids, islets of langerhans in pancreas
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34
Q

part of the basal ganglia and involved in stimulating GABA (inhibitory process)

A

subthalamus

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35
Q

involuntary system and communicates between CNS and PNS

A

autonomic nervous system

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36
Q

stable internal environment associated with ANS

A

homeostasis

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37
Q

what type of receptors are utilized in ANS afferents

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemorecptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nociceptors
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38
Q

pressure and stretch and where are they located

A

mechanoreceptors
- lungs, aorta, carotid sinuses, veins, bladder, intestines

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39
Q

O2, CO2, glucose levels and other chemicals and where are they located

A

chemoreceptors
- aorta, carotid, medulla, hypothalamus, stomach, taste buds, olfactory bulbs

40
Q

stretch and ischemia and where are they located

A

nociceptors
- walls of arteries and viscera

41
Q

temperature and where are they located

A

thermoreceptors
- very small changes in blood and skin, located in hypothalamus and skin

42
Q

visceral receptors send information to the CNS for processing via what 2 routes

A
  • to spinal cord via DRG to lamina V, VI
  • to brainstem (pons and medulla) via CN IX, X
43
Q

where is visceral information processed and integrated after afferents sent signals

A
  • reticular formation
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system
44
Q

what the is the master controller of homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

what does the brainstem regulate

A

HR, respiration, vasoconstriction and vasodilation via vagus N

46
Q

maintains internal equilibrium via pituitary gland, brainstem and spinal cord and influences cariorespiratory, digestive, metabolic and water reabsorption function

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

projects visceral information to the limbic system

48
Q

connects autonomic responses to emotions and mood

A

limbic system

49
Q

what are the 2 neuron pathways used to send unconscious/semiconscious regulation to target effector organs for wither sympathetic or parasympathetic responses

A
  • preganglionic: from CNS to ganglion
  • post-ganglionic: from ganglion to effector organ/gland
50
Q

internal organs are ______, so they can continue to function without nervous system input for a brief period of time

A

self-regulating

51
Q

____ neurons secrete acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

52
Q

where is Ach needed in ANS

A
  • ALL preganglionic neurons
  • ALL postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic system
  • FEW postganglionic sympathetic neurons (sweat glands and skeletal muscle blood vessels)
53
Q

____ neurons secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

adrenergic

54
Q

where is norepinephrine and epinephrine needed in ANS

A

MOST postganglionic sympathetic neurons are released from andrenal gland into the blood

55
Q

where are cell bodies for the sympathetic nervous system located

A

lateral horn T1-L2/3

56
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system innervate

A

adrenal gland, blood vessels, sweat glands, piloreceptors or hair cells, viscera

57
Q

preganglionic efferents of sympathetic nervous system flow

A

spinal cord –> ventral root –> paraventral ganglia (via white ramus - myelinated)

58
Q

synapsing on cell bodies in paraventral ganglia alongside vertebral column forming sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain ganglion)

A

preganglionic efferents

59
Q

postganglionic axons travel within peripheral nerve to target effector organ via gray ramus (unmyelinated)

A

postganglionic efferents

60
Q

ascend paravertebrals to innervated arteries of the face, dilate pupils, elevate upper eyelid, and heart/lungs

A

stellate ganglia or cerviothoracic ganglion from thoracic preganglionic axons

61
Q

descend from paravertebrals to innervate vessels of lumbosacral trunk and lower limbs

A

upper lumbar preganglionic axons

62
Q

exit at the same level via splanchnic nerves to synapse at ganglia and innervate abdominal and pelvic viscera

A

superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

63
Q

where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

close to the target organ

64
Q

preganglionic cell bodies in the brainstem of parasympathetic are associated with and have postganglionic cells where

A
  • associated with CN 3, 7, 9, 10
  • postganglionic - eye, salivary glands and viscera
65
Q

preganglionic cell bodies in the spinal cord lateral area of ____ in the parsympathetic system and have postganglionic cells where

A
  • S2-4
  • postganglionic: pelvic organs, bladder, colon, external genitalia
66
Q

does the parasympathetic nervous system have innervation to the lower limbs or body wall

67
Q

fight or flight responses, maintains blood flow to organs, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles, increased glucose, dilates bronchioles, increased BP and HR, decreases digestion, sweating to regulate temp, dilates pupils, norepinephrine

A

sympathetic

68
Q

conservation and storage, slows down HR and contraction force, constricts bronchioles, increased mucous, increases peristalsis and glandular secretions, constricts pupils, increases tearing of eyes, regulates emptying of bowel and bladder, sexual stimulation, aceytlcholine

A

parasympathetic

69
Q

the brainstem mediates HR via

A

vagus nerve

70
Q

parasympathetic innervation to the heart

A
  • vagus N directly innervate postganglionic neurons at the base of the atria in SA and AV nodes
  • decreased HR
71
Q

sympathetic innervation to the heart

A
  • via preganglionic neurons at T1-T5 that connect to postganglionic cell bodies in 3 cervical and 5 thoracic ganglia
  • distribute postganglionic nerves via superior, middle, and inferior cardiac nerves to coronary arteries, atria/ventricles and SA/AV nodes
  • increase HR
72
Q

controls BP

A

baroceptor reflex

73
Q

maintain fluid balance in body

A

renal reflexes

74
Q

controls bladder

A

micturition reflex

75
Q

controls bowel

A

defecation reflex

76
Q

controls sexual function

A

erection reflex/orgasmic reflexes

77
Q

where are baroreceptors found and how so they send signals (process)

A
  • carotid sinus and aortic arch
  • BP increased artery walls stretched (pressure stimulus) –> barorecptors send action potentials –> medulla and reticular formation
78
Q

what is the most common cardiovascular system problem and what can it contribute to

A

hypertension
- CAD, CVA, kidney failure

79
Q

what contributes to HTN

A

increased sympathetic outflow

80
Q

what two factors is normal BP dependent on

A
  • cardiac output
  • vascular resistance
81
Q

what attempt to block sympathetic regulation of BP

A

beta blockers (beta adrenergics)

82
Q

a barorecetpor reflex impairment that causes dizziness, lightheadedness and/or fainting

A

postural hypotension

83
Q

what causes postural hypotension and what are some examples

A
  • insufficient perfusion to brain
  • prolonged bed rest, impaired blood volume, pooling of blood in LE
84
Q

how to rest for orthostatic BP

A
  • in supine, sitting and standing 2 minutes apart
  • look for drop of 30 mmHg in systolic or 15mmHg drop in diastolic in each position
85
Q

a learned function that requires coordination between somatic system and ANS

A

micturation (urination)

86
Q

what is urination controlled by

A

cerebral cortex and pon

87
Q

spontaneously void with coughing, laughing, or jumping due to poor muscular control (micturition reflex still intact)

A

stress incontinence

88
Q

person is unable to voluntarily delay voiding to due injury in hypothalamus or pons

A

urge incontinence

89
Q

doesn’t desire to control bladder which may be caused by prefrontal lobe injury

A

behavioral incontinence

90
Q

damage to spinal cord above sacral level (loss of micturition reflex); initially no control but ~2 weeks may have return of some control and requires bladder program

A

neurological incontinence

91
Q

loss of vascular control, temperature regulation and sweating

A

peripheral N severed

92
Q

injury to stellate ganglion produces drooping upper eyelid, constriction of pupil, and absence of ipsilateral face and neck persperation

A

horner’s syndrome

93
Q

occurs with spinal cord injury; disrupts ascending and descending signals and may also lose bowel, bladder and genital functions

A

autonomic dyreflexia

94
Q

interferes with regulation of heart, BP respiration, tears, pupillary constriction

95
Q

inadequate blood flow to the brain leading to fainting

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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