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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia

A
  • indirect influence on motor commands from primary and secondary motor cortices
  • adjusts activity in descending extrapyramidal tracts
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2
Q

main functions of basal ganglia

A

automatic, intensity, quality of movement, desire or drive to move

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3
Q

main functions of cerebellum

A

smooth, orderly, sequenced, coordinated movement (SOS + C)

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4
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

in posterior cranial fossa

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5
Q

how does the cerebellum connect to the medulla, pons and midbrain

A

via cerebellar peduncles (inferior, middle, superior)

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum

A
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
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7
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex

A
  • molecular
  • purkinje layer
  • granular layer
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8
Q

most superficial layer of cerebellar cortex, contains dendrites of neurons from deeper layers

A

molecular layer

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9
Q

middle layer that contains cell bodies of purkinje fibers

A

purkinje layer

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10
Q

deepest layer, compact granule cells (interneurons), excitatory to purkinje cells via glutamate

A

granular layer

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11
Q

what cells are unique to the cerebellum and have extensive dendritic arborization with many dendritic spines

A

purkinje cells

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12
Q

what structures do purkinje cells receive input from

A

mossy fibers, climbing fibers and cerebellar interneurons

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13
Q

purkinje cells sole output from cerebellum occurs via synapses where

A

vestibular nuclei in brainstem or on deep cerebellar nuclei

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14
Q

what are the 3 interneurons in the cerebellum that have an inhibitory effect on purkinje cells and mossy fibers

A
  • basket cells
  • stellate (granule) cells
  • golgi cells
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15
Q

what are the two types of afferent fibers that carry information into the cerebellum

A

mossy and climbing fibers

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16
Q

originate from cell bodies in spinal cord, vestibular nuclei and cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei

A

mossy fibers

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17
Q

originate from contralateral inferior olivary nuclei in brainstem

A

climbing fibers

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18
Q

indirectly influence purkinje cells via synapse on granule cells; directly influence deep cerebellar nuclei

A

mossy fibers

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19
Q

winds around dendrites of purkinje cells and synapse directly on purkinje fibers; also synapse on deep cerebellar nuclei

A

climbing fibers

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20
Q

what excites mossy and climbing fibers

A

glutamate

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21
Q

worm-like structures in the center of cerebellum that divides it into hemispheres

A

vermis

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22
Q

what are the 3 structures that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem

A

superior peduncle, middle peduncle, inferior peduncle

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23
Q

attaches to the midbrain and carries the primary output axons to the thalamus and brainstem

A

superior peduncle

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24
Q

attaches to pons and carries info from cerebral cortex into cerebellum; input

A

middle peduncle

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25
Q

attaches to medulla and carries information from spinal cord and inferior olivary nucleus into cerebellum; also carries info out of cerebellum from Purkinje cells directly to vestibular and reticular nuclei in brainstem; input and output

A

inferior peduncle

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26
Q

is there more afferent input or efferent outputs to/from the cerebellum

A

more afferent inputs (40:1 ratio)

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27
Q

what are the ways these axons enter the cerebellum (input)

A

inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

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28
Q

what are the main places that afferents are coming from to the cerebellum

A
  • vestibular system via CN 8
  • SC via dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
  • cerebral cortex via pathways through pons (corticoponotcerebellar)
  • cerebral cortex via pathways through inferior olivary nucleus (cerebro-olivarycerebellar)
  • cerebral cortex cia pathway through reticular formation (cerebroreticulocerebellar)
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29
Q

arise from purkinje cells that integrate incoming information and project onto pairs of ______ to allow for efferent flow of information

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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30
Q

what are the 4 main deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  • dentate nucleus
  • fastigial nucleus
  • nucleus interpositus - globuse nucleus and emboliform nucleus
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31
Q

what are the other names for the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

A
  • palocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
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32
Q

where does the anterior lobe receive sensory input from

A
  • dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts
  • cuneocerebellar tract from brainstem
  • trigeminocerebellar projection
  • visual and auditory information via brainstem nuclei
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33
Q

where does the anterior cerebellar lobe send information from fastigial nucleus and nucleus interpositus to

A
  • vestibular nuclei –> lateral vestibular tract
  • thalamus –> motor cortex
  • red nucleus –> ruborspinal tract
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34
Q

what influence does the anterior lobe of cerebellum have on motion

A
  • compares input from periphery with motor plan from cerebral cortex (modified command)
  • regulate of muscle tone (flexor tone)
  • coordination of postural activities and gait
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35
Q

what are the other names for posterior lobe of cerebellum

A
  • neocerebellum
  • pontocerebellum
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36
Q

receives input from premotor, sensory and other cerebral cortices via pontine nuclei (corticopontocerebellar projection)

A

posterior lobe

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37
Q

the posterior lobe send information from _____ to motor and premotor cortices via denothalamic fibers from the ventrolateral thalamus; also sends some information to the ______ in the midbrain

A
  • dentate nucleus
  • red nucleus
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38
Q

what influence does the posterior lobe have on movement

A
  • works with premotor to plan movements
  • coordinates fine, distal voluntary movement
  • ability to judge time intervals and produce accurate rhythm
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39
Q

other names for flocculonodular lobe

A
  • archicerebellum
  • vestibulocerebellum
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40
Q

receives information from vestibular nuclei in brainstem and directly from CN 8 about static and dynamic positions of the head in space; also receives information from retina

A

flocculonodular lobe

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41
Q

flocculonodular lobe sends information to ______ and to reticular formation in brainstem from purkinje cells and ________

A
  • vestibular nuclei
  • fastigial nucleus
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42
Q

influences and coordination of flocculonodular lobe

A
  • coordinates and influences eye movement and vestibulo-occular reflex via MLF
  • influences postural muscles via vestibulospinal tract to maintain upright posture and horizontal head position
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43
Q

nuclei associated with medial zone of cerebellum

A

fastigial nucleus

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44
Q

regulation of tone, posture, locomotion and equilibrium

A

medial zone of cerebellum

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45
Q

nuclei associated with intermediate zone of cerebellum

A

emoboliform and globuse

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46
Q

governs spatially organized skilled movements, posture and tone of the ipsilateral extremities

A

intermediate zone of cerebellum

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47
Q

nuclei associated with lateral zone of cerebellum

A

dentate nucleus

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48
Q

governs spatially organized movements and skilled movements of the limbs

A

lateral zone of cerebellum

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49
Q

what system supplies blood to the cerebellum

A

vertebrobasilar system (PICA, AICA, SC)

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50
Q

supplies vermis, inferior and posterior cerebellar hemispheres

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

51
Q

supplies a portion of the vermis and hemisphere anterior to PICA

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

52
Q

supplies superior half of vermis and hemispheres

A

superior inferior cerebellar artery (SC)

53
Q

equilibrium and modulation of VOR is regulated by

A

vestibulocerebellum

54
Q

gross movement of limbs is regulated by

A

spinocerebellum

55
Q

fine, distal voluntary movement is regulated by

A

cerebrocerebellum

56
Q

what is heavily involved in motor learning of voluntary movements

A

cerebellum

57
Q

what are the 6 rules about cerebellar influence on movement

A
  • all information entering cerebellum terminates in a specific lobe depending on the role in movement
  • cerebellum receives lots of sensory input but is an indirect part of the motor system
  • not directly connected to the motor pathways but inhibits or facilitates so that movements are smooth, orderly and sequenced
  • coordinates and compares intended movement with actual movement and corrects movement errors
  • coordinates movement to ensure upright posture and complex hand functions
  • involved with learned patterns of movement and motor planning
58
Q

practicing a new movement sends lots of information to the cerebellum via

A

spinocerebellar tracts

59
Q

as a new task is learned, cerebellar activity

A

decreases

60
Q

signs and symptoms of cerebellar lesions

A
  • ataxia
  • dysarthria
  • nystagmus
  • dysdiadochokinesia
  • action or intention tremor
  • dysmetria
  • tibuation
61
Q

cerebellar symptoms that occur with unilateral lesions produce signs and symptoms on which side

A

ipsilateral side

62
Q

lack of coordination; jerky, inaccurate movement

A

ataxia

63
Q

is ataxia due to hypertonia

A

no

64
Q

_____ lesions to cerebellum produce truncal ataxia with loss of sitting or standing balance

A

mdiline

65
Q

_____ lesions to cerebellum along side the vermis produces gait ataxia (staggering)

A

paravermal

66
Q

______ cerebellar hemisphere lesions produce limb ataxia

A

lateral

67
Q

how to test for ataxia

A

positive romberg test with EO and EC; vibration, proprioception and ankle reflexes remain normal

68
Q

is a rhythmic tremor of head or trunk when sitting or standing, or with postural changes of the head where head is held rotated or tilted to one side

A

titubation

69
Q

caused by dysfunction to spinocerebellum and often occurs due to chronic alcoholism that damages the anterior lobe of cerebellum

A

gait ataxia and titubation

70
Q

slurred, poorly articulated speech

A

dysarthria

71
Q

involuntary back and forth movement of the eyes

A

nystagmus

72
Q

dysarthria and nystagmus occur due to damage of what

A

vestibulocerebellum

73
Q

inability to rapidly alternate movement as in supinating and pronating forearm or alternate toe tapping

A

dysdiadochokinesia

74
Q

inability to accurately move an intended distance (past-pointing)

A

dysmetria

75
Q

shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

A

action or intension tremor

76
Q

what are the 5 subcortical nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

A

caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra (pars compacta, pars reticulata)

77
Q

part of substantia nigra and produce dopamine, gives substantia nigra its dark color

A

pars compacta

78
Q

output part of substantia nigra

A

pars reticulata

79
Q

neurological classifications of the basal ganglia

A
  • striatum = caudata and putamen
  • lentiform nucleus = putamen and globulus pallidus
80
Q

the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus are located within the cerebrum and form what structure

A

corpus striatum

81
Q

where are the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus located

A

base of cerebrum

82
Q

where is substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

83
Q

where is subthalamic nucleus located

A

inferior to the thalamus and lateral to hypothalamus

84
Q

where does the internal capsule run between

A

basal ganglia and thalamus

85
Q

what are the 3 primary functions of the basal ganglia

A
  • sequencing movement
  • regulating muscle tone and force
  • influencing mood and motivation for movement
86
Q

the basal ganglia have both ____ and ____ influences on motor movement

A

inhibitory and excitatory

87
Q

what are known as input nuclei in basal ganglia

A

caudate and putamen

88
Q

what are known as the exit nuclei in basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra and globus pallidus

89
Q

the basal ganglia has no direct connection with the spinal cord so it influences movement via ______ and _____ via multiple looping systems

A

motor areas of cerebral cortex and extrapyramidal pathways

90
Q

what are the 4 loop systems that connect the basal ganglia to the thalamus and cerebral cortex

A

sensory motor loop
occulomotor loop
limbic loop
association loop

91
Q

supplementary motor area projects onto basal ganglia providing input regarding sequencing actions of learned motor activities

A

sensory motor loop

92
Q

frontal eye fields, prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex relate information needed for voluntary saccadic movements of the eyes yes

A

occulomotor loop

93
Q

eyes move together, eyes able to follow a target smoothly

A

smooth pursuit

94
Q

eyes moving between 2 objects

A

saccidic movements

95
Q

dopamine producing cells in subthalamic nucleus send axons to limbic centers associated with emotional and motivational aspects of movement (reward seeking behavior) and facial expressions/body language associated with movement

A

limbic loop

96
Q

connections with association areas in all 4 lobes of the cortex that have to do with planning motor activity and determining the direction of movement

A

association loop

97
Q

caudate and putamen receive afferent input from what

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus and sustantia nigra

98
Q

caudate and putamen process information and sends it out on 1 of 2 pathways to where

A

globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra (efferent)

99
Q

turns up the motor system by exciting the thalamus

A

direct pathway from globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra

100
Q

turns down the motor system by inhibiting the motor thalamus

A

indirect pathway

101
Q

what are the 3 neurotransmitters associated with basal ganglia

A

dopamine, GABA, glutamate

102
Q

what is the direct pathway of excitation in basal ganglia

A

from putamen –> globus pallidus internus –> motor thalamus –> motor cortex

103
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the direct pathway to disinhibit the thalamus

A

GABA

104
Q

results if movement is not modulated by the motor cortex

A

huntington’s (chorea) disease

105
Q

what is the flow of indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A

putamen –> globus pallidus externus –> subthalamic nucleus –> globulus pallidus internus —> motor thalamus –> motor cortex

106
Q

what neurotransmitter is utilized in indirect pathway as used by the subthalamic nuclei

A

glutamate

107
Q

alters the balance of the direct and indirect pathway depending on activation of either D1 or D2 receptors in either of the pathways

A

dopamine

108
Q

dopamine binding with __ receptors activates the direct pathway

A

D1

109
Q

dopamine binding with ___receptors activates the indirect pathway

A

D2

110
Q

basal ganglia has indirect influence on LMN’s in spinal cord and brainstem via

A

extrapyramidal pathways

111
Q

what is the blood supply to the basal ganglia

A

lenticulostriate arteries (penetrating branches off MCA)

112
Q

slow, writhing movement

A

athetosis (dystonia)

113
Q

brisk, involuntary movements of the distal limbs and face

A

chorea (dystonia)

114
Q

most common basal ganglia motor disorder and is caused by death of dopamine producing cells in SN

A

parkinson’s disease

115
Q

inhibits motor thalamus too much

A

hypokinetic disorder –> PD

116
Q

common sx of PD

A

rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural and gait deficits, masklike facial expression, loss of automatic and voluntary movement

117
Q

a hyperkinetic disorder and is the degeneration of striatum and cerebral cortex

A

huntington’s chorea

118
Q

results in disinhibition of thalamus in resulting in excessive activity of motor cortex

A

huntington’s chorea

119
Q

sx and outcomes of huntington’s chorea

A
  • chorea: involuntary, jerky, rapid movement
  • dementia
  • results in death
120
Q

genetic, nonprogressive movement disorders; hyperkinetic; involuntary, sustained muscle contractions resulting in abnormal postures, twisting, repetitive movements

A

dystonia

121
Q

affect one part of the body or one specific activity

A

focal dystonia

122
Q

progressive, degenerative disease affecting basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex and autonomic NS; pt will have slow movements and rigidity, postural hypotension, bowel and bladder incontinence, decreased sweating, tears and saliva, and decreased goal oriented behavior

A

multiple system atrophy/shy-drager syndrome

123
Q

contralateral lesion of subthalamic nucleus; results in violent flinging movements; mostly affects proximal musculature on one side of the body

A

hemiballismus

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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