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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Cortical Motor Connections > Flashcards

Cortical Motor Connections Flashcards

1
Q
  • received sensory input from the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus
  • afferent information from the contralateral side of the body, face and head
A

primary somatosensory cortex/post central gyrus

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2
Q
  • gives rise to descending corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
  • controls movement of contralateral side of the body
A

primary motor cortex/pre central gyrus

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3
Q
  • contains interneurons that receive afferent and efferent from a variety of areas
  • involved in analysis of sensory information
  • integration of sensory information into perception and motor planning
A

association areas

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4
Q

large apical dendrite with up to 20,000 dendritic spines; large axon with many collateral branches that extend through the cortex into the spinal cord

A

pyramidal cells

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5
Q

what is the name for the largest pyramidal cells and where are they the most dense

A
  • betz cells
  • motor cortices
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6
Q
  • also known as granular cells
  • interneurons
  • smaller, star-shaped with numerous short dendrites in many directions
A

stellate cells

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7
Q

do stellate cells leave the cortex

A

no

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8
Q

how many cell layers compose the cortex and how are they arranged

A
  • 6 layers
  • laminar columns
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9
Q

input layers of the cortex that receive input from many areas within the cortex, thalamus, subcortical regions

A

layer I-IV

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10
Q

this cortical layer is the thickest in the motor areas because this layer is the primary motor output for efferent axons (Betz cells and cells for all the extrapyramidal pathways)

A

layer V

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11
Q

cortical layer that lies adjacent to the internal capsule and corona radiata and consists mostly of association and commissural fibers

A

layer VI

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12
Q

ultimate command center for motor control; plans and executes complex voluntary motor activity; receives information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

initiation and motivation to move, control of muscle tone, quality and quantity of movement

A

basal ganglia

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14
Q

integrates visual, auditory, vestibular and somatosensory information to modify movement

A

cerebellum

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15
Q

what does the cerebellum do to help with overall movement

A

smooth, orderly, sequenced, and coordinated (SOSC)
- timing, speed, direction and precision

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16
Q

what is involved in direct regulation of motor activity

A

primary motor cortex and secondary motor cortices

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17
Q

the direct regulation of motor activity will directly influence voluntary motor activity via direct projections from the corticospinal tracts to:

A
  • brainstem cranial nerve nuclei (via corticobulbar tract)
  • reticular formation (autonomic system)
  • anterior horn cells in spinal cord
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18
Q

what structures are involved in indirect regulation of motor activity by sending and receiving information about movement commands from primary and secondary motor cortices via the motor nuclei of the thalamus

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

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19
Q

basal ganglia and cerebellum exert their influence on the brainstem and spinal cord by way of

A

extrapyramidal pathways

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20
Q

neurotransmitter for pyramidal cells and is excitatory

A

glutamate

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21
Q

too much of this neurotransmitter thought to contribute to aging of the nervous system and degenerative pathologies

A

glutamate

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22
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter utilized by non-pyramidal neurons

A

GABA

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23
Q

where does the primary motor cortex receive input from

A

primary somatosensory, supplementary motor, cerebellum, basal ganglia, cingulate motor

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24
Q

emotions and memory components of movement

A

cingulate motor area

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25
Q

controls movement to the contralateral side of the body and continues to receive ongoing information as long as movement is taking place

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

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26
Q

what does the primary motor cortex directly influence

A

manual dexterity, speech, proximal and distal muscle control

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27
Q

are organized in functional groups with the number of cells in each being proportional to the complexity of the movement produced by that region (motor homunculus)

A

upper motor neurons

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28
Q

lesions to the primary motor cortex can produce

A

hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and all UMN lesions

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29
Q

primary motor cortex is somatotropically organized

A

motor homonculus

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30
Q

motor homonculus LE

A

medial

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31
Q

motor homonculus trunk

A

superior

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32
Q

motor homonculus UE

A

superiolateral

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33
Q

motor homonculus face and tongue

A

inferiolateral

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34
Q

where does 1/2 of motor homonculus is associated with what suggesting emphasis on human functions of manual dexterity and speech

A

hands, tongue, lips and larynx

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35
Q

what are the 5 secondary motor areas and what are the brodmann’s areas

A
  • supplementary motor 6
  • premotor cortex 6
  • frontal eye field 8
  • posterior parietal motor area 5, 7
  • cingulate motor area 23, 24
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36
Q

motor planning areas where sensory input is incorporated to create a motor plan and then relays the motor plan to the primary motor cortex for future planning and execution

A

secondary motor cortices

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37
Q

areas of ____ in the frontal lobe receive information from associations areas in parieoccipital regions (___)

A
  • 6 and 8
  • 5, 7
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38
Q

superior portion of Brodmann’s 6

A

supplementary motor area (SMA) (M2)

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39
Q

programs patterns and sequences of elaborate movements prior to the actual occurrence of motion - cells in this area are goal-oriented

A

supplementary motor area

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40
Q

where does the primary input come from to the supplementary motor area that is associated with intended movements

A

auditory and visual cues

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41
Q

what does supplementary motor area coordinate

A

bimanual movement and movements occurring on two sides of the body at the same time

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42
Q

associated with contractions of the trunk and proximal limb musculature

A

supplementary motor area

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43
Q

what will lesions of the supplementary motor area result in

A

difficulty with bilateral hand tasks, diminished ability to self-initiate a task

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44
Q

motor planning for control of axial and proximal limb muscle contractions and for sequencing a series of movement together

A

premotor cortex (PM)

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45
Q

guides or turns the limbs or trunk in the desired direction of a target as when reaching for food and bringing to the mouth

A

premotor cortex

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46
Q

when is PM active and when does it decrease

A
  • PM activity decreases once the activity has begun
  • PM is active only when movements are occurring in sequence rather than isolated movement patterns
47
Q

lesions to premotor cortex

A

motor apraxia, perserveration, loss of rhythmic movement, inability to produce complex or sequential motor tasks

48
Q

located rostral and anterior to premotor/supplemental motor areas

A

frontal eye field (FEF)

49
Q

information from association areas needed for coordination and tracking of eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit)

A

frontal eye fields

50
Q

what are frontal eye fields important for to help maintain the image being observed on the fovea via VOR and optokinetic reflexes (fixation)

A

establishing voluntary gaze

51
Q

where do motor neurons in frontal eye fields send axons to

A

superior colliculi, pre-tectal nuclei, and nuclei associated with eye movement via MLF

52
Q

T/F: posterior parietal cortex is both sensory and motor

A

T

53
Q

coordination of visual and tactile information used by the motor areas to produce goal-directed movement

A

posterior parietal cortex

54
Q

area that receives discriminative tactile information (stereognosis) and then transmits it to PMC/SMA/FEF

A

5

55
Q

area that receives visual information then to PMC/SMA/FEF to assist in visually guided motor activities like reaching for an object and helps with orientation of the body in relation to the object

A

7

56
Q

where is the cingulate motor areas located

A

base and banks of the cingulate sulcus on medial hemisphere

57
Q

where does cingulate motor areas receive inputs from about motivational state, internal status of the individual and environmental conditions

A

prefrontal cortex and other limbic areas

58
Q

projections from cingulate motor areas to primary and supplementary motor areas guide

A

motivation and desire to move

59
Q

projections from cingulate motor areas directly onto ________ of spinal cord and influence LMN’s via interneurons (cingulospinal pathway)

A

intermediate zone

60
Q

primary relay center for modifying information coming into and out the motor cortices from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

A

thalamus

61
Q

is the known as the motor thalamus and is connected to the primary motor cortex

A

ventrolateral nucleus

62
Q

where do the primary efferent pathways of the corticospinal tract go

A

to LMN in lamina 9 of the spinal cord

63
Q

what are the two bundles of the corticospinal tract

A

anterior and lateral funiculi

64
Q

what does the corticospinal tract travel through

A

internal capsule to medulla

65
Q

where does 90% of the corticospinal tract decussate and which division and will synapse on interneurons that influence alpha motor neurons in lamina 9

A
  • at pyramids
  • lateral funniculus
66
Q

where does the lateral funniculus terminate in the spinal cord

A

cervical spinal cord, thoracic cord, and lumbosacral cord segments

67
Q

where does 10% of the the corticospinal tract cross and what division is it apart of

A
  • cross in the cord before synapsing on lamina 9
  • anterior funniculus
68
Q

extend only to upper thoracic levels and contribute to regulation of neck, upper trunk, and proximal UE

A

anterior funniculus

69
Q

where do axons of corticobulbar tract from UMN arise from

A

primary motor cortex and premotor cortex

70
Q

where does the corticobulbar tract terminate

A

nuclei of cranial nerves

71
Q

what does the corticobulbar travel in parallel with

A

corticospinal tract

72
Q

corticospinal affects motor branches of CN

A

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12

73
Q

where are cell bodies of extrapyramidal tracts located

A
  • in other motor areas of cortex and brainstem
  • DO NOT arise from primary motor cortex
74
Q

what are the names of the extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • tectospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • vestibulospinal
75
Q

visual association areas (17, 18) to superior colliculi in midbrain

A

tectospinal tract

76
Q

what is the track of the tectospinal tract

A

originates from superior colliculi, decussates in midbrain, travels in MLF through anterior funiculus

77
Q

where does the tectospinal tract synapse

A

cervical and thoracic LMN

78
Q

what does tectospinal tract

A

reflexive control of neck mm in response to visual, auditory and vestibular information

79
Q

where are cell bodies for the rubrospinal tract found

A

in the ipsilateral motor cortex and cerebellum

80
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract send axons to

A

red nucleus in brainstem

81
Q

red nucleus axons form 2 tracts

A

rubrobulbar and rubrospinal

82
Q

terminates on CN nuclei to influence facial movements

A

rubrobulbar

83
Q

descends in the lateral funniculus of the spinal cord

A

rubrospinal

84
Q

where does the rubrospinal tracts synapse

A

with anterior horn cells (alpha and gamma)

85
Q

what do the rubrospinal tracts influence

A

hand control, facilitates flexor tone and inhibits extensor tone of UE’s

86
Q

from UMN axons travel to several nuclei in the reticular formation of pons and medulla

A

reticulospinal tract

87
Q

travels in anteriomedial funniculus of the cord

A

pontine reticulospinal tract

88
Q

what does the pontine reticulospinal tract excite and inhibit

A

excites extensor muscles and inhibits flexor muscles

89
Q

travels in anterolateral funniculus of the cord

A

medullary reticulospinal tract

90
Q

what does medullary reticulospinal tract excite and inhibit

A

inhibits extensor muscles and excites flexors

91
Q

also carries ANS information about pupillary dilation, heart rate and sweating

A

medullary reticulospinal tract

92
Q

these tracts influence axial and proximal limb muscles to maintain posture and orient limbs in an intended direction

A

reticulospinal tracts

93
Q

how many vestibular nuclei are located in the brainstem and receive information from the vestibular branch of CN 8

A

4

94
Q

medial and lateral vestibular nuclei send axons to the spinal cord and synapse where

A

on alpha and gamma motor neurons

95
Q

descends only to cervical/high thoracic cord levels

A

medial vestibulospinal tract

96
Q

what does the medial vesibulospinal tract influence

A

head movement while maintaining fixed gaze

97
Q

descends to all levels of the spinal cord

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

98
Q

what does the lateral vestibulopspinal tract influence

A

extensor activity in antigravity muscles to assist in maintaining posture and balance

99
Q

what are the 2 functional groups for the arrangement of descending pathways

A

ventromedial and lateral groups

100
Q

what does the ventromedial descending tracts consist of

A
  • anterior corticospinal tract
  • medial and lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
  • tectospinal tract
101
Q

what does the ventromedial descending group travel in and where does it synapse

A
  • anterior funiculus
  • medial aspect of anterior horn
102
Q

what are the functions of the ventromedial descending group

A
  • control axial and b/l proximal limb musculature
  • balance and postural adjustments
103
Q

what does the lateral descending group consist of

A

lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts

104
Q

what does the lateral descending group travel in and where does it synapse

A
  • lateral funniculus
  • lateral aspect of anterior horn
105
Q

fibers that are anteriorly placed in the anterior horn of the lateral group innervate

A

extensors

106
Q

fibers that are posteriorly placed in the anterior horn of the lateral group innervate

A

flexors

107
Q

what are the functions of the lateral descending group

A
  • fractionated movement
  • directly innervates limb muscles, intrinsics of the hands involved in fractionated movements of the digits, and some proximal extremity muscles
108
Q

signs of UMN lesions

A
  • paresis/paralysis
  • abnormal reflexes (babinski, hyperreflexive)
  • abnormal muscle tone (flaccidity, hypotonicity, hypertonicity)
  • loss of fractionated movement (abnormal muscle synergies)
  • loss of postural control (gait and balance deficits, motor apraxia, temporal deficits)
109
Q

clinical diagnoses associated with UMN lesions

A

stroke, CP, spinal cord injury, TBI, PD, MS, amyotrophic lateral schlerosis (ALS), huntington’s disease, multiple system atrophy, brain tumors

110
Q

in the motor cortex with long apical dendrites for processing sensory information from multiple cortical and thalamic inputs

A

pyramidal cells

111
Q

______ from motor cortex through corona radiata and internal capsule to brainstem and through the ant/lat funiculi of spinal cord carrying motor messages

A

projection fibers (axonal tracts)

112
Q

primary descending motor tracts to lower motor neurons in ventral horn of SC

A

corticospinal tract

113
Q

descend to motor nuclei for cranial nerves

A

corticobulbar tracts

114
Q

from brainstem nuclei to interneurons and motor neurons in spinal cord influencing postural control, eye-head-hand control, and reflexes

A

extrapyramidal tracts

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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