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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Special Senses - Auditory, Olfactory, Gustation, Language > Flashcards

Special Senses - Auditory, Olfactory, Gustation, Language Flashcards

1
Q

_____ directs sound vibrations into the external auditory canal

A

pinna or auricle

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2
Q

ear drum, vibrates sending waves to middle ear bones

A

tympanic membrane

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3
Q

3 inner ear bones that articulate with each other, several muscles and the _______ that allow middle ear to convert sound waves into waves of motion in the fluid in the inner ears

A

malleus, incus, stapes
oval window

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4
Q

cavities in the temporal bone that surround the membranous labyrinth

A

bony labyrinth

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5
Q

what is housed in the bone labyrinth

A

vestibule, 3 SCC and cochlea

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6
Q

what is the bony labyrinth filled with that functions as a sensory for the vestibular system

A

perilymph

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7
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with and what does it house

A
  • endolymph
  • utricle and saccule
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8
Q

contains hair cells (cilia) which are sensory receptors for sound

A

cochlea with organ of corti

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9
Q

describe the conduction of sound

A
  • stimulus of vibration of air waves
  • causes ossicles to move (malleus, incus, stapes)
  • vibration of ossicles creates movement of perilymph fluid which bends hair cells (cilia) embedded in basilar membrane of cochlea
  • cilia movement causes depolarization - transduced mechanical action to an electrical neural signal
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10
Q

what is the pathway from organ of corti to temporal lobe

A
  • axons from hair cells onto the cochlear N at junction of pons and medulla
  • 2nd order neurons travel from cochlear N to one of 3 areas –> olivary nucleus of inferior colliculus of midbrain, reticular formation, or medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
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11
Q

what two nuclei in thalamus work very closely together (innerconnected via commissural fibers)

A

medial (sound) and lateral (vision) geniculi

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12
Q

what is the brodmanns numbers for Wernicke’s area and what does it interpret

A
  • 22, 39, 40, 41, 42
  • interpret spoken word
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13
Q

what brodmanns number is auditory association area and what does it interpret

A
  • 42
  • interprets other sounds (pitch, tone, speed of sound); compares sounds with memories of other sounds; categorizes as language, music or noise
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14
Q

what brodmanns area is the primary auditory cortex and what does it interpret

A
  • 41
  • conscious awareness of intensity of sound
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15
Q

lack of movement of middle ear bones or fluid accumulation in inner ear

A

conduction deafness

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16
Q

damage to cochlear, cochlear branch of CN VIII or primary auditory cortex results in loss of hearing

A

sensorineural deafness

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17
Q

ringing in ears possibly from damage to organ of corti or from toxic levels of drugs

A

tinnitus

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18
Q

benign tumor on CN VIII

A

acoustic neuroma

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19
Q

age-related hearing loss

A

presbycusis

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20
Q

two bodies oscillating at different frequencies will eventually lock into phase so that they vibrate at the same frequency when they are brought close together (applied to neurophysiology - cardiac muscle cells, circadian rhythms, menstruating women)

A

principle of entrainment

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21
Q

therapeutic application of pulsed rhythmic or musical cues to improve gait or other functional movements

A

rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS)

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22
Q

where is Broca’s area located in 95% of adults for understanding and producing language

A

L hemisphere

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23
Q

Wernicke’s area - temporoparietal junction

A
  • language comprehension
  • understanding spoke, written and signed language
  • use of symbols or signs to represent an object or concept learned
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24
Q

Broca’s Area - left frontal lobe

A
  • 44, 45
  • motor aspect of speech production
  • planning movements to productional functional speech
  • grammatical components to speech
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25
Q

what is the flow of information from hearing to producing speech during a conversation

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • secondary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
  • subcortical connects
  • Broca’s area
  • oral and throat regions of sensorimotor cortex
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26
Q

is a process that allows a human to exchange a though with another person

A

language

27
Q

does impairment to language mean impairment to thought

A

no

28
Q

connections between language centers and _____ are associated with initiation of speaking or responding verbally and also with emotional connections with speaking (anger, vulgarity)

A

limbic system

29
Q

use of conventionalized verbal or written symbols; sequential order; accepts rules of grammar; used to exchange ideas, feelings or behaviors between humans

A

language

30
Q

language disorders occur with what type of injuries/disorders

A

cortical CNS

31
Q

mechanical aspects of verbal expression; includes articulation, inflection, tone rhythm; also conveys meaning and may include attitudinal or emotional prosody

A

speech

32
Q

speech disorders often involve injuries to what

A

PNS structures (dysarthria) or cerebral injury

33
Q

What is the different between Wernickes and Brocas aphasia

A
  • Wernickes (receptive, sensory fluent or post aphasia): language comprehension is impaired; not aware of deficit; meaningless phrases; unable to use symbolic language
  • Brocas (expressive, motor, anterior or nonfluent aphasia): difficulty expressing self using language; able to control muscles for swallowing and chewing but not speaking; habitual phrases, emotional speech when upset; aware of deficits; will be able to read but often cannot write
34
Q

inability to read or write and is associate with wernickes aphasia

A

alexia

35
Q

describe global aphasia

A
  • Lesion that destroys all the perisylvian language zones (sup and middle temporal gyri)
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s and all the connecting pathways
  • All aspects of language are severely impaired
  • Won’t be able to understand or express self
  • May eventually learn to communicate with non-verbal or emotional language
36
Q

describe R Hemispheric injury

A
  • In most humans, corresponding Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas produce non-verbal communication
  • Gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, posture
  • Interpreting non-verbals from others
37
Q

what is the stimulus for olfaction and gustation

A

chemical molecules

38
Q

olfaction and gustation often complement each other as

A

special visceral afferents

39
Q

what is the stimulus for the olfactory system

A

odor - human receptors sensitive to thousands of low concentration odors

40
Q

what are the receptors for olfactory system

A

cilia attached to olfactory neurons on olfactory mucosa that lines the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

41
Q

olfactory binding protein concentrates odor molecules around cilia which active _____ to depolarize the cell

A

G-protein

42
Q

_____ receives action potentials from many cilia and processes info onto olfactory tract

A

olfactory bulb

43
Q

olfactory tracts on inferior frontal lobe travel to primary olfactory cortex located where

A

temporal and limbic lobes

44
Q

does the olfactory system stop in the thalamus

A

no

45
Q

osmia

A

to smell

46
Q

reduction of olfactory sensation

A

hyposmia

47
Q

loss of olfactory sensation

A

anosmia

48
Q

perception of unpleasant odors - olfactory hallucinations - sometimes a precursor to seizures

A

cacosmia

49
Q

what is the stimulus for the gustatory system

A

chemical components that result in 4 basic tastes

50
Q

what are the 4 basic tastes

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

51
Q

what are the receptors for gustatory system

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

52
Q

what 3 CN make contact at base of taste receptors

A

7, 9, 10

53
Q

where do the 3 CN associated with taste merge in the brainstem

A

solitary nucleus

54
Q

where does information from the solitary nucleus project to

A

ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus

55
Q

where does information from thalamus go for gustatory system

A

primary gustatory nucleus in inferior temporal lobe (insula) and to amygdala of limbic region

56
Q

salty taste is mediated by influx of _____ to the receptor cell

A

sodium

57
Q

sour taste in elicited by ____ which close ____ gates

A
  • acids
  • potassium
58
Q

sweet and bitter tastes signal _______ that open _____ gates

A
  • second messenger proteins
  • calcium
59
Q

what are the functions of gustatory system

A
  • Important to behavior of feeding and digestion
  • Solitary nucleus projects to many areas other than primary gustatory cortex - brainstem for reflexes for swallow, gag, vomiting
  • Also to limbic area which affects memories associated with food and feelings of satiety
60
Q

loss of all taste sensation

A

total ageusia

61
Q

loss of particular sensation

A

partial ageusia

62
Q

diminished taste sensation

A

hypogeusia

63
Q

loss of taste associated with age

A

prestogeusia

64
Q

-geusia

A

to taste

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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