Special Senses - Auditory, Olfactory, Gustation, Language

Question 1

_____ directs sound vibrations into the external auditory canal

Answer 1

pinna or auricle

Question 2

ear drum, vibrates sending waves to middle ear bones

Answer 2

tympanic membrane

Question 3

3 inner ear bones that articulate with each other, several muscles and the _______ that allow middle ear to convert sound waves into waves of motion in the fluid in the inner ears

Answer 3

malleus, incus, stapes
oval window

Question 4

cavities in the temporal bone that surround the membranous labyrinth

Answer 4

bony labyrinth

Question 5

what is housed in the bone labyrinth

Answer 5

vestibule, 3 SCC and cochlea

Question 6

what is the bony labyrinth filled with that functions as a sensory for the vestibular system

Answer 6

perilymph

Question 7

what is the membranous labyrinth filled with and what does it house

Answer 7

• endolymph
• utricle and saccule

Question 8

contains hair cells (cilia) which are sensory receptors for sound

Answer 8

cochlea with organ of corti

Question 9

describe the conduction of sound

Answer 9

• stimulus of vibration of air waves
• causes ossicles to move (malleus, incus, stapes)
• vibration of ossicles creates movement of perilymph fluid which bends hair cells (cilia) embedded in basilar membrane of cochlea
• cilia movement causes depolarization - transduced mechanical action to an electrical neural signal

Question 10

what is the pathway from organ of corti to temporal lobe

Answer 10

• axons from hair cells onto the cochlear N at junction of pons and medulla
• 2nd order neurons travel from cochlear N to one of 3 areas –> olivary nucleus of inferior colliculus of midbrain, reticular formation, or medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Question 11

what two nuclei in thalamus work very closely together (innerconnected via commissural fibers)

Answer 11

medial (sound) and lateral (vision) geniculi

Question 12

what is the brodmanns numbers for Wernicke’s area and what does it interpret

Answer 12

• 22, 39, 40, 41, 42
• interpret spoken word

Question 13

what brodmanns number is auditory association area and what does it interpret

Answer 13

• 42
• interprets other sounds (pitch, tone, speed of sound); compares sounds with memories of other sounds; categorizes as language, music or noise

Question 14

what brodmanns area is the primary auditory cortex and what does it interpret

Answer 14

• 41
• conscious awareness of intensity of sound

Question 15

lack of movement of middle ear bones or fluid accumulation in inner ear

Answer 15

conduction deafness

Question 16

damage to cochlear, cochlear branch of CN VIII or primary auditory cortex results in loss of hearing

Answer 16

sensorineural deafness

Question 17

ringing in ears possibly from damage to organ of corti or from toxic levels of drugs

Answer 17

tinnitus

Question 18

benign tumor on CN VIII

Answer 18

acoustic neuroma

Question 19

age-related hearing loss

Answer 19

presbycusis

Question 20

two bodies oscillating at different frequencies will eventually lock into phase so that they vibrate at the same frequency when they are brought close together (applied to neurophysiology - cardiac muscle cells, circadian rhythms, menstruating women)

Answer 20

principle of entrainment

Question 21

therapeutic application of pulsed rhythmic or musical cues to improve gait or other functional movements

Answer 21

rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS)

Question 22

where is Broca’s area located in 95% of adults for understanding and producing language

Answer 22

L hemisphere

Question 23

Wernicke’s area - temporoparietal junction

Answer 23

• language comprehension
• understanding spoke, written and signed language
• use of symbols or signs to represent an object or concept learned

Question 24

Broca’s Area - left frontal lobe

Answer 24

• 44, 45
• motor aspect of speech production
• planning movements to productional functional speech
• grammatical components to speech

Question 25

what is the flow of information from hearing to producing speech during a conversation

Answer 25

- primary auditory cortex - secondary auditory cortex - Wernicke's area - subcortical connects - Broca's area - oral and throat regions of sensorimotor cortex

Question 26

is a process that allows a human to exchange a though with another person

Answer 26

language

Question 27

does impairment to language mean impairment to thought

Answer 27

no

Question 28

connections between language centers and _____ are associated with initiation of speaking or responding verbally and also with emotional connections with speaking (anger, vulgarity)

Answer 28

limbic system

Question 29

use of conventionalized verbal or written symbols; sequential order; accepts rules of grammar; used to exchange ideas, feelings or behaviors between humans

Answer 29

language

Question 30

language disorders occur with what type of injuries/disorders

Answer 30

cortical CNS

Question 31

mechanical aspects of verbal expression; includes articulation, inflection, tone rhythm; also conveys meaning and may include attitudinal or emotional prosody

Answer 31

speech

Question 32

speech disorders often involve injuries to what

Answer 32

PNS structures (dysarthria) or cerebral injury

Question 33

What is the different between Wernickes and Brocas aphasia

Answer 33

- Wernickes (receptive, sensory fluent or post aphasia): language comprehension is impaired; not aware of deficit; meaningless phrases; unable to use symbolic language - Brocas (expressive, motor, anterior or nonfluent aphasia): difficulty expressing self using language; able to control muscles for swallowing and chewing but not speaking; habitual phrases, emotional speech when upset; aware of deficits; will be able to read but often cannot write

Question 34

inability to read or write and is associate with wernickes aphasia

Answer 34

alexia

Question 35

describe global aphasia

Answer 35

- Lesion that destroys all the perisylvian language zones (sup and middle temporal gyri) - Broca’s and Wernicke’s and all the connecting pathways - All aspects of language are severely impaired - Won’t be able to understand or express self - May eventually learn to communicate with non-verbal or emotional language

Question 36

describe R Hemispheric injury

Answer 36

- In most humans, corresponding Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas produce non-verbal communication - Gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, posture - Interpreting non-verbals from others

Question 37

what is the stimulus for olfaction and gustation

Answer 37

chemical molecules

Question 38

olfaction and gustation often complement each other as

Answer 38

special visceral afferents

Question 39

what is the stimulus for the olfactory system

Answer 39

odor - human receptors sensitive to thousands of low concentration odors

Question 40

what are the receptors for olfactory system

Answer 40

cilia attached to olfactory neurons on olfactory mucosa that lines the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 41

olfactory binding protein concentrates odor molecules around cilia which active _____ to depolarize the cell

Answer 41

G-protein

Question 42

_____ receives action potentials from many cilia and processes info onto olfactory tract

Answer 42

olfactory bulb

Question 43

olfactory tracts on inferior frontal lobe travel to primary olfactory cortex located where

Answer 43

temporal and limbic lobes

Question 44

does the olfactory system stop in the thalamus

Answer 44

no

Question 45

osmia

Answer 45

to smell

Question 46

reduction of olfactory sensation

Answer 46

hyposmia

Question 47

loss of olfactory sensation

Answer 47

anosmia

Question 48

perception of unpleasant odors - olfactory hallucinations - sometimes a precursor to seizures

Answer 48

cacosmia

Question 49

what is the stimulus for the gustatory system

Answer 49

chemical components that result in 4 basic tastes

Question 50

what are the 4 basic tastes

Answer 50

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

Question 51

what are the receptors for gustatory system

Answer 51

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

Question 52

what 3 CN make contact at base of taste receptors

Answer 52

7, 9, 10

Question 53

where do the 3 CN associated with taste merge in the brainstem

Answer 53

solitary nucleus

Question 54

where does information from the solitary nucleus project to

Answer 54

ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus

Question 55

where does information from thalamus go for gustatory system

Answer 55

primary gustatory nucleus in inferior temporal lobe (insula) and to amygdala of limbic region

Question 56

salty taste is mediated by influx of _____ to the receptor cell

Answer 56

sodium

Question 57

sour taste in elicited by ____ which close ____ gates

Answer 57

- acids - potassium

Question 58

sweet and bitter tastes signal _______ that open _____ gates

Answer 58

- second messenger proteins - calcium

Question 59

what are the functions of gustatory system

Answer 59

- Important to behavior of feeding and digestion - Solitary nucleus projects to many areas other than primary gustatory cortex - brainstem for reflexes for swallow, gag, vomiting - Also to limbic area which affects memories associated with food and feelings of satiety

Question 60

loss of all taste sensation

Answer 60

total ageusia

Question 61

loss of particular sensation

Answer 61

partial ageusia

Question 62

diminished taste sensation

Answer 62

hypogeusia

Question 63

loss of taste associated with age

Answer 63

prestogeusia

Question 64

-geusia

Answer 64

to taste