Cortical Organization and Vascular Support Flashcards
1
Q
elevations
A
gyri
2
Q
grooves
A
sulcus
3
Q
what divides the parietal and frontal lobes
A
central sulcus
4
Q
how many cortical layers are there and what type of matter are they
A
6
gray
5
Q
cells found in the motor cortex with long dendrites and lots of axons
A
pyramidal cells
6
Q
what are each of the cortical layers
A
- molecular level
- external granule cell layer
- external pyramidal layer
- internal granule cell layer
- internal pyramidal cell layer
- multiform layer
7
Q
what are the 3 axonal fiber types that allow for cortical communication
A
- projection
- commissural
- association
8
Q
connect the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe and is white matter
A
corona radiata
9
Q
connect one hemisphere to another and run medial to lateral
A
commissural fibers
10
Q
connect and communicate with lobes on the same hemisphere
A
association fibers
11
Q
connect the cortex and the lower parts of the brain; run superior to inferior
A
projection fibers
12
Q
example of commissural fibers
A
corpus callosum
13
Q
what do projection fibers run through
A
internal capsule
14
Q
association fibers connecting primary and association areas (antler looking fibers)
A
corona radiata
15
Q
projection fibers between lobes, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebellum
A
internal capsule
16
Q
general responsibilities of frontal lobe
A
- action and moving
- planning, goal setting, decisions, motivation
- abstract though, explicit memory, mood, motivation, foresight and planning, decision making, emotional control, social judgement, voluntary motor control, speech production
17
Q
general responsibilities of parietal lobe
A
- sensory and sensory processing (putting names to things)
- taste, somatic sensation, sensory integration, visual processing, language processing, numerical awareness
18
Q
responsibilities of occipital lobe
A
visual awareness and visual processing
19
Q
general responsibilities of temporal lobe
A
- hearing and memory storage and smell
- hearing, smell, emotion, learning, language comprehension, memory consolidation, verbal memory, visual and auditory memory, language
20
Q
general responsibilities of insula
A
- taste, pain, interpretation, emotional regulation
- taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotion and empathy, cardiovascular homeostasis
21
Q
50 neocortical areas based on variations in neuronal cell shape, size, arrangement and density
A
Brodmann’s area
22
Q
are the boundaries of brodmann’s area discrete
A
no - there is some overlap in function
23
Q
3-1-2
A
sensory integration
24
Q
4
A
primary motor cortex
25
39 and 40
language
26
functions to discriminate shape, texture, or size of objects
primary somatosensory cortex
3-1-2
27
lesions to primary somatosensory cortex
loss of tactile localization and conscious perception
28
functions in conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
primary auditory cortex
41
29
lesions to primary auditory complex
loss of localization of sounds
30
distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects
primary visual cortex
17
31
lesions to primary visual cortex
homonymous hemianopia
32
loss of 1/2 of the visual field in each eye
homonymous hemianopia
33
discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical
primary vestibular
40
34
lesions to primary vestibular cortex
change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical
35
stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment
secondary somatosensory
5, 7
36
lesion to secondary somatosensory
astereognosis
37
analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation
secondary visual
18, 21
38
lesions to secondary visual cortex
visual agnosia or optic ataxia, promagnosis
39
classification of sounds
secondary auditory
22, 42
40
lesions to secondary auditory cortex
auditory agnosia - cannot name/identify sounds
41
voluntarily controlled movements
primary motor cortex
4
42
lesions to primary motor cortex
paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria (lose of motor speech)
43
control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
premotor area
6
44
lesions to premotor area
apraxia
45
unable to motor plan, unorganized, and looks uncoordinated
apraxia
46
initiation of movement, orientation of planning, bimanual and sequential movements
supplementary motor area
6
47
lesion to supplementary motor area
apraxia
48
motor programming of speech
Broca's area
44, 45
49
usually only in the L hemisphere
Broca's area
50
lesions to Broca's area
Broca's aphasia (L hemisphere lesion)
51
planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice)
inferior frontal gyrus
52
usually only in the R hemisphere
inferior frontal gyrus
53
lesions to inferior frontal gyrus
difficulty producing nonverbal communication
54
how much of our entire blood volume does the brain require
20%
55
what does the brain need
oxygen and glucose
and to get rid of wastes
56
interruption of blood supply for _____ time can result in loss of consciousness
10-15 seconds
57
loss of blood for greater than how much time can lead to irreversible brain damage
5 minutes
58
anterior circulation of blood supply to the brain
- internal carotid arteries
- anterior cerebral A
- middle cerebral A
59
posterior circulation of blood supply to the brain
- vertebral arteries
- basilar arteries
- anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
- posterior cerebral A
60
describe the posterior circulation of blood to the brain
vertebral A --> basilar --> posterior cerebral A
61
what do the vertebral arteries supply
spinal cord, medulla, inferior cerebellum
62
where do the vertebral arteries conjoin to form 1 basilar A
junction of pons and medulla
63
what does the basilar A supply
- pons and rest of cerebellum
64
where does the basilar A divide into the posterior cerebral A
junction of pons and midbrain
65
what does the PCA supply
midbrain
66
where does the internal carotid arteries enter the skull and where does it divide and what does it divide into
- temporal bones
- near optic chiasm
- anterior and middle cerebral arteries
67
small branches off the internal carotid A that joint with posterior cerebral A
posterior communicating A
68
anastomotic ring of 9 arteries that supply all the blood to the cerebral hemispheres
circle of willis
69
name the 6 large arteries of the circle of willis
- 2 anterior cerebral
- 2 internal carotids
- 2 posterior cerebral
70
name the 3 small communicating arteries of the circle of willis
- 1 anterior communicating
- 2 posterior communicating
71
what does the ACA supply
anterior and superior parts of the medial hemisphere (sensory and motor to LE)
72
what lobes does the ACA supply
frontal and parietal
73
pathology linked to ACA
- personality changes
- contralateral hemiplegia (motor loss) and hemiparesis (sensory loss) to LE
74
what does the MCA supply
lateral hemisphere (UE)
75
pathology linked to MCA
- contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis (motor loss) and hemisensory loss of UE and face
- language impairment with L hemisphere injury
- spatial neglect, impairment of non-verbal with R hemisphere injury
- homonymous hemianopsia
76
which artery is commonly related to stroke
MCA
77
what does the posterior cerebral A supply
midbrain, occipital lobe, medial and inferior temporal lobes
78
pathology related to PCA
- contralateral hemiparesis
- eye movement paresis or paralysis
- cortical blindness
- thalamic pain syndrome
- memory deficits
79
what do the vertebral and basilar arteries supply
brainstem and cerebellum
80
pathologies related to vertebral and basilar arteries
- frequently injured due to shearing forces at C1-2 or hyperextension
- occlusion of basilar usually results in death due to ischemia to brainstem nuclei
- partial occlusion can result in quadriplegia, loss of sensation, coma, and CN signs
81
signs and symptoms of vertebral and basilar A pathologies
dizziness/vertigo, N/V, loss of balance and HA drain
82
drain deoxygenated blood away from lobes and structures into the dural sinuses; collects CSF from subarachnoid space
cerebral venous system
83
what does the cerebral venous system drain into
internal jugular vein
84
where is CSF formed
ventricles by choroid plexus (ependymal glial cells) from blood onto a fluid like plasma
85
circulates in subarachnoid space, reabsorbed by venous system, supplies water, ions, amino acids to extracellular fluid and removes metabolites
CSF
86
pair of c-shaped spaces that extend into each lobe
lateral ventricles
87
what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
intraventricular foramen
88
one narrow slit in midline of diencephalon
3rd ventricle
89
what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th
cerebral aqueduct
90
space between pons and medulla, anterior to cerebellum; continuous with central canal of spinal cord and drains into subarachnoid space
4th ventricle
91
what is the flow of CSF
lateral ventricles --> intraventricular foramen --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle --> foramina to subarachnoid space --> flows around brain and spinal cord --> dural sinuses into venous blood through internal jugular vein
92
what are the 3 layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord
dura, arachnoid, and pia mater
93
most external; tough; firmly attaches to skull; spinal is continuous with brain; separates two hemispheres and cerebellum from cerebrum
dura mater
94
have spider-like projections (villi) which connect to venous sinuses so CSF can drain out
arachnoid mater
95
innermost layer
pia mater
96
is between pia and arachnoid mater and contain CSF
subarachnoid space
97
brief occlusion to an A
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
98
stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
99
brain infraction occurs when there is lack of blood flow to the brain occurring due to
- embolus: blood clot that travels from another location and lodges in one of the primary vessels to brain - most common is from the heart or PE from lunges
- thrombus: localized blood clot forming in brain; signs and sx develop more slowly usually due to controlled hypertension
100
bleeding in the brain due to rupture of an A; typically sudden onset
hemorrhagic stroke
101
sudden, excruciating HA, brief loss of consciousness, progressively worsening sx
subarachnoid hemorrhage
102
BE FAST
B: balance - trouble walking, dizzy, loss of coordination
E: eyes - trouble seeing, blurred vision, loss of vision
F: face - droop, numbness, unequal
A: arms - paralysis, numbness, unequal strength, weakness
S: speech - slurred, loss, unable to find right words
T: time - document time last seen normal and time of sx onset
103
when and who can TPA be given to (tissue plasminogen activator)
is sx began less than 3 hours ago and can only be given for clot (NOT hemorrhage stroke bc will increase bleeding)
104
how to prevent stroke
- maintain BP
- low salt diet
- keep cholesterol low with low fat diet
- aerobic exercise
105
dilation in wall of A in brain; wall becomes think and may rupture; results in hemorrhage that if massive enough can result in death or wide variety of neurological deficits depending on location and extent of bleeding
aneurysm
106
edema, hydrocephalus or tumors; very tightly packed space; increases intracranial pressure; may cause other areas to herniate
space occupying lesions
107
S/S of space occupying lesions
- N/V due to pressure on vagus N
- drowsiness
- visual and eye movement
- disorientation
- seizures
- morning headaches
