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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Cortical Organization and Vascular Support > Flashcards

Cortical Organization and Vascular Support Flashcards

1
Q

elevations

A

gyri

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2
Q

grooves

A

sulcus

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3
Q

what divides the parietal and frontal lobes

A

central sulcus

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4
Q

how many cortical layers are there and what type of matter are they

A

6
gray

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5
Q

cells found in the motor cortex with long dendrites and lots of axons

A

pyramidal cells

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6
Q

what are each of the cortical layers

A
  • molecular level
  • external granule cell layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal granule cell layer
  • internal pyramidal cell layer
  • multiform layer
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7
Q

what are the 3 axonal fiber types that allow for cortical communication

A
  • projection
  • commissural
  • association
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8
Q

connect the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe and is white matter

A

corona radiata

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9
Q

connect one hemisphere to another and run medial to lateral

A

commissural fibers

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10
Q

connect and communicate with lobes on the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

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11
Q

connect the cortex and the lower parts of the brain; run superior to inferior

A

projection fibers

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12
Q

example of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

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13
Q

what do projection fibers run through

A

internal capsule

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14
Q

association fibers connecting primary and association areas (antler looking fibers)

A

corona radiata

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15
Q

projection fibers between lobes, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebellum

A

internal capsule

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16
Q

general responsibilities of frontal lobe

A
  • action and moving
  • planning, goal setting, decisions, motivation
  • abstract though, explicit memory, mood, motivation, foresight and planning, decision making, emotional control, social judgement, voluntary motor control, speech production
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17
Q

general responsibilities of parietal lobe

A
  • sensory and sensory processing (putting names to things)
  • taste, somatic sensation, sensory integration, visual processing, language processing, numerical awareness
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18
Q

responsibilities of occipital lobe

A

visual awareness and visual processing

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19
Q

general responsibilities of temporal lobe

A
  • hearing and memory storage and smell
  • hearing, smell, emotion, learning, language comprehension, memory consolidation, verbal memory, visual and auditory memory, language
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20
Q

general responsibilities of insula

A
  • taste, pain, interpretation, emotional regulation
  • taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotion and empathy, cardiovascular homeostasis
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21
Q

50 neocortical areas based on variations in neuronal cell shape, size, arrangement and density

A

Brodmann’s area

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22
Q

are the boundaries of brodmann’s area discrete

A

no - there is some overlap in function

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23
Q

3-1-2

A

sensory integration

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24
Q

4

A

primary motor cortex

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25
Q

39 and 40

A

language

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26
Q

functions to discriminate shape, texture, or size of objects

A

primary somatosensory cortex
3-1-2

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27
Q

lesions to primary somatosensory cortex

A

loss of tactile localization and conscious perception

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28
Q

functions in conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

A

primary auditory cortex
41

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29
Q

lesions to primary auditory complex

A

loss of localization of sounds

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30
Q

distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

A

primary visual cortex
17

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31
Q

lesions to primary visual cortex

A

homonymous hemianopia

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32
Q

loss of 1/2 of the visual field in each eye

A

homonymous hemianopia

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33
Q

discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical

A

primary vestibular
40

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34
Q

lesions to primary vestibular cortex

A

change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical

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35
Q

stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment

A

secondary somatosensory
5, 7

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36
Q

lesion to secondary somatosensory

A

astereognosis

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37
Q

analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation

A

secondary visual
18, 21

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38
Q

lesions to secondary visual cortex

A

visual agnosia or optic ataxia, promagnosis

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39
Q

classification of sounds

A

secondary auditory
22, 42

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40
Q

lesions to secondary auditory cortex

A

auditory agnosia - cannot name/identify sounds

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41
Q

voluntarily controlled movements

A

primary motor cortex
4

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42
Q

lesions to primary motor cortex

A

paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria (lose of motor speech)

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43
Q

control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments

A

premotor area
6

44
Q

lesions to premotor area

A

apraxia

45
Q

unable to motor plan, unorganized, and looks uncoordinated

A

apraxia

46
Q

initiation of movement, orientation of planning, bimanual and sequential movements

A

supplementary motor area
6

47
Q

lesion to supplementary motor area

A

apraxia

48
Q

motor programming of speech

A

Broca’s area
44, 45

49
Q

usually only in the L hemisphere

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

lesions to Broca’s area

A

Broca’s aphasia (L hemisphere lesion)

51
Q

planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice)

A

inferior frontal gyrus

52
Q

usually only in the R hemisphere

A

inferior frontal gyrus

53
Q

lesions to inferior frontal gyrus

A

difficulty producing nonverbal communication

54
Q

how much of our entire blood volume does the brain require

A

20%

55
Q

what does the brain need

A

oxygen and glucose
and to get rid of wastes

56
Q

interruption of blood supply for _____ time can result in loss of consciousness

A

10-15 seconds

57
Q

loss of blood for greater than how much time can lead to irreversible brain damage

A

5 minutes

58
Q

anterior circulation of blood supply to the brain

A
  • internal carotid arteries
  • anterior cerebral A
  • middle cerebral A
59
Q

posterior circulation of blood supply to the brain

A
  • vertebral arteries
  • basilar arteries
  • anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • posterior cerebral A
60
Q

describe the posterior circulation of blood to the brain

A

vertebral A –> basilar –> posterior cerebral A

61
Q

what do the vertebral arteries supply

A

spinal cord, medulla, inferior cerebellum

62
Q

where do the vertebral arteries conjoin to form 1 basilar A

A

junction of pons and medulla

63
Q

what does the basilar A supply

A
  • pons and rest of cerebellum
64
Q

where does the basilar A divide into the posterior cerebral A

A

junction of pons and midbrain

65
Q

what does the PCA supply

A

midbrain

66
Q

where does the internal carotid arteries enter the skull and where does it divide and what does it divide into

A
  • temporal bones
  • near optic chiasm
  • anterior and middle cerebral arteries
67
Q

small branches off the internal carotid A that joint with posterior cerebral A

A

posterior communicating A

68
Q

anastomotic ring of 9 arteries that supply all the blood to the cerebral hemispheres

A

circle of willis

69
Q

name the 6 large arteries of the circle of willis

A
  • 2 anterior cerebral
  • 2 internal carotids
  • 2 posterior cerebral
70
Q

name the 3 small communicating arteries of the circle of willis

A
  • 1 anterior communicating
  • 2 posterior communicating
71
Q

what does the ACA supply

A

anterior and superior parts of the medial hemisphere (sensory and motor to LE)

72
Q

what lobes does the ACA supply

A

frontal and parietal

73
Q

pathology linked to ACA

A
  • personality changes
  • contralateral hemiplegia (motor loss) and hemiparesis (sensory loss) to LE
74
Q

what does the MCA supply

A

lateral hemisphere (UE)

75
Q

pathology linked to MCA

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia/hemiparesis (motor loss) and hemisensory loss of UE and face
  • language impairment with L hemisphere injury
  • spatial neglect, impairment of non-verbal with R hemisphere injury
  • homonymous hemianopsia
76
Q

which artery is commonly related to stroke

A

MCA

77
Q

what does the posterior cerebral A supply

A

midbrain, occipital lobe, medial and inferior temporal lobes

78
Q

pathology related to PCA

A
  • contralateral hemiparesis
  • eye movement paresis or paralysis
  • cortical blindness
  • thalamic pain syndrome
  • memory deficits
79
Q

what do the vertebral and basilar arteries supply

A

brainstem and cerebellum

80
Q

pathologies related to vertebral and basilar arteries

A
  • frequently injured due to shearing forces at C1-2 or hyperextension
  • occlusion of basilar usually results in death due to ischemia to brainstem nuclei
  • partial occlusion can result in quadriplegia, loss of sensation, coma, and CN signs
81
Q

signs and symptoms of vertebral and basilar A pathologies

A

dizziness/vertigo, N/V, loss of balance and HA drain

82
Q

drain deoxygenated blood away from lobes and structures into the dural sinuses; collects CSF from subarachnoid space

A

cerebral venous system

83
Q

what does the cerebral venous system drain into

A

internal jugular vein

84
Q

where is CSF formed

A

ventricles by choroid plexus (ependymal glial cells) from blood onto a fluid like plasma

85
Q

circulates in subarachnoid space, reabsorbed by venous system, supplies water, ions, amino acids to extracellular fluid and removes metabolites

A

CSF

86
Q

pair of c-shaped spaces that extend into each lobe

A

lateral ventricles

87
Q

what connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

intraventricular foramen

88
Q

one narrow slit in midline of diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

89
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th

A

cerebral aqueduct

90
Q

space between pons and medulla, anterior to cerebellum; continuous with central canal of spinal cord and drains into subarachnoid space

A

4th ventricle

91
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A

lateral ventricles –> intraventricular foramen –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> foramina to subarachnoid space –> flows around brain and spinal cord –> dural sinuses into venous blood through internal jugular vein

92
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

93
Q

most external; tough; firmly attaches to skull; spinal is continuous with brain; separates two hemispheres and cerebellum from cerebrum

A

dura mater

94
Q

have spider-like projections (villi) which connect to venous sinuses so CSF can drain out

A

arachnoid mater

95
Q

innermost layer

A

pia mater

96
Q

is between pia and arachnoid mater and contain CSF

A

subarachnoid space

97
Q

brief occlusion to an A

A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

98
Q

stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

99
Q

brain infraction occurs when there is lack of blood flow to the brain occurring due to

A
  • embolus: blood clot that travels from another location and lodges in one of the primary vessels to brain - most common is from the heart or PE from lunges
  • thrombus: localized blood clot forming in brain; signs and sx develop more slowly usually due to controlled hypertension
100
Q

bleeding in the brain due to rupture of an A; typically sudden onset

A

hemorrhagic stroke

101
Q

sudden, excruciating HA, brief loss of consciousness, progressively worsening sx

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

102
Q

BE FAST

A

B: balance - trouble walking, dizzy, loss of coordination
E: eyes - trouble seeing, blurred vision, loss of vision
F: face - droop, numbness, unequal
A: arms - paralysis, numbness, unequal strength, weakness
S: speech - slurred, loss, unable to find right words
T: time - document time last seen normal and time of sx onset

103
Q

when and who can TPA be given to (tissue plasminogen activator)

A

is sx began less than 3 hours ago and can only be given for clot (NOT hemorrhage stroke bc will increase bleeding)

104
Q

how to prevent stroke

A
  • maintain BP
  • low salt diet
  • keep cholesterol low with low fat diet
  • aerobic exercise
105
Q

dilation in wall of A in brain; wall becomes think and may rupture; results in hemorrhage that if massive enough can result in death or wide variety of neurological deficits depending on location and extent of bleeding

A

aneurysm

106
Q

edema, hydrocephalus or tumors; very tightly packed space; increases intracranial pressure; may cause other areas to herniate

A

space occupying lesions

107
Q

S/S of space occupying lesions

A
  • N/V due to pressure on vagus N
  • drowsiness
  • visual and eye movement
  • disorientation
  • seizures
  • morning headaches

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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