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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Microstructure of Nervous System & Electrochemical Signaling > Flashcards

Microstructure of Nervous System & Electrochemical Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

most synaptogensis occurs during neurodevelopment during what stage of life

A

childhood

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2
Q

what allows neurons to reorganzie/change

A

neuroplasticity

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3
Q

a prominent nucleus

A

soma

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4
Q

receives information from specialized receptors or axons from other neurons; transmits info toward soma

A

dendrites

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5
Q

transmit messages away from soma

A

axon

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6
Q

what are the 3 segments of an axon

A

initial, proper, terminal

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7
Q

how many axon are there per neuron

A

one

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8
Q

what forms the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

barrier in plasma membrane that regulates incoming and outgoing ions

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

what part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic

A

polar heads

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11
Q

what part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic

A

lipid tail

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12
Q

hydrophilic

A

water attracting

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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14
Q

faces away from the membrane center (outer layers)

A

polar head

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15
Q

face each other in the membrane (inside layers)

A

lipid tail

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16
Q

decrease in dendritic tree when not used because dendrite remodel when learning and experiencing

A

pruning

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17
Q

where DNA and messenger RNA is found in cell body

A

nucleus

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18
Q

gel-like fluid that gives cell its shape and contains organelles

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

support function of the neuron with a high metabolic rate

A

organelles

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20
Q

produces and stores ATP

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

synthesizes and transports protein

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

packages proteins, neurotransmitters

A

golgi apparatus

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23
Q

degrades, recycles waste

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

what are the 4 functions of organelles

A
  1. operate ionic pumps in cell membrane (Na/K pumps)
  2. manufacture, assemble, and recycle surface and intra-cellular membrane components
  3. manufacture neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
  4. transport chemical substance back and forth between cell body and axon
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25
Q

has axon hillock and is relatively short

A

initial segment of axon

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26
Q

changing point from cell body to axon

A

axon hillock

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27
Q

what type of channels are located at the initial segment of an axon

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

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28
Q

long part of an axon that is myelinated with nodes of ranvier

A

axon proper

29
Q

part of axon that has the synaptic boutons or end feet

A

axon terminal (telodendron)

30
Q

process where substances such as neurotransmitters and nutrients are transported to and from the cell body through the axon

A

axoplasmic transport

31
Q

substances move from the cell body toward the presynaptic terminal

A

anterograde transport

32
Q

substances transported from the synapse back to the cell body (unused neurotransmitters)

A

retrograde transport

33
Q

what are the different ways to classify neurons

A

bipolar, unipolar, multipolar

34
Q

two processes extending from the soma

35
Q

where are bipolar neurons typically found

A

sensory structures (olfactory mucosal, retinal cells, vestibular ganglia)

36
Q

how many axons and dendrites are found in bipolar neurons

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite

37
Q

single process extending from soma, no true dendrite

A

unipolar neuron

38
Q

where are unipolar neurons commonly found

A

dorsal root ganglion

39
Q

three or more processes from the soma

A

multipolar neuron

40
Q

how many axons and dendrites off of multipolar neurons

A

1 axon and many dendrites

41
Q

what are the two types of cells used for myelination

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

42
Q

what are the signaling support/cleaning/nourishing cells

A

astrocytes and ependymal cells

43
Q

what are the defending/little glue cells

44
Q

stellate-shaped (star), largest of the glial cells, sucker feet that support the framework of the cell

A

astrocytes

45
Q

what are the primary functions of astrocytes

A

provide structural framework of CNS, provide physical and nutritional support of CNS, phagocytosis, immune system regulation via cell signaling

46
Q

occupy most of the extracellular space is CNS, forms glial scar tissue to repair damage to CNS, radial glial cells in embryogenesis become these

A

astrophytes

47
Q

connect neurons to outside blood capillaries

A

astrocytes

48
Q

what do astrocytes store in the cytoplasm

49
Q

takes up excess Na and K, metabolizes unused neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft, takes up degenerating synaptic terminals during repair of CNS after injury

A

astrocytes - phagocytosis

50
Q

secrete cytokines that trigger other immune system cells and plays an important role in blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

astrocytes

51
Q

where are oligodendrocytes most numerous

A

white matter

52
Q

what is the main function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons

53
Q

what are microglia derived from

54
Q

are microglia CNS or PNS

55
Q

first to defend against damage or infection; phagocytosis of damaged tissues; participates in inflammatory and degenerative reactions

56
Q

are ependymal cells CNS or PNS

57
Q

forms epithelial lining of ventricles and central canal of spinal cord; forms cord plexus (CSF production in ventricle); facilitates movement of CSF via cillia

A

ependymal cells

58
Q

are schwann cells CNS or PNS

59
Q

what are schwann cells derived from

A

neural crest cells

60
Q

perform all support functions for cell bodies in spinal cord and axons in PNS

A

schwann cells

61
Q

myelinate only a single axon; act as phagocytes during degeneration and/or inflammation

A

schwann cells

62
Q

formed from layers of oligodendroglia and schwann cell plasmalemma spirally wrapped around axons

63
Q

short myelinated segments of axons

A

internodes

64
Q

unmyelinated regions with a high density of Na and K channels; polarity is reversed and charges collect boosting the action potential

A

nodes of ranvier

65
Q

action potential jumps from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

66
Q

when does myelination occur

A

begins in utero at 4 months until about 2-3 years

67
Q

what nerves are myelinated first

A

motor nerves

68
Q

what nerves become myelinated after birth

A

sensory nerves

69
Q

conditions associated with demyelination

A

CNS: MS, ALS
PNS: peripheral neuropathy, guillain-barre, rabies

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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