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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Microstructure of Nervous System & Electrochemical Signaling > Flashcards

Microstructure of Nervous System & Electrochemical Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

most synaptogensis occurs during neurodevelopment during what stage of life

A

childhood

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2
Q

what allows neurons to reorganzie/change

A

neuroplasticity

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3
Q

a prominent nucleus

A

soma

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4
Q

receives information from specialized receptors or axons from other neurons; transmits info toward soma

A

dendrites

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5
Q

transmit messages away from soma

A

axon

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6
Q

what are the 3 segments of an axon

A

initial, proper, terminal

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7
Q

how many axon are there per neuron

A

one

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8
Q

what forms the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

barrier in plasma membrane that regulates incoming and outgoing ions

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

what part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic

A

polar heads

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11
Q

what part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic

A

lipid tail

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12
Q

hydrophilic

A

water attracting

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13
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing

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14
Q

faces away from the membrane center (outer layers)

A

polar head

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15
Q

face each other in the membrane (inside layers)

A

lipid tail

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16
Q

decrease in dendritic tree when not used because dendrite remodel when learning and experiencing

A

pruning

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17
Q

where DNA and messenger RNA is found in cell body

A

nucleus

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18
Q

gel-like fluid that gives cell its shape and contains organelles

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

support function of the neuron with a high metabolic rate

A

organelles

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20
Q

produces and stores ATP

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

synthesizes and transports protein

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

packages proteins, neurotransmitters

A

golgi apparatus

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23
Q

degrades, recycles waste

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

what are the 4 functions of organelles

A
  1. operate ionic pumps in cell membrane (Na/K pumps)
  2. manufacture, assemble, and recycle surface and intra-cellular membrane components
  3. manufacture neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
  4. transport chemical substance back and forth between cell body and axon
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25
has axon hillock and is relatively short
initial segment of axon
26
changing point from cell body to axon
axon hillock
27
what type of channels are located at the initial segment of an axon
voltage-gated Na+ channels
28
long part of an axon that is myelinated with nodes of ranvier
axon proper
29
part of axon that has the synaptic boutons or end feet
axon terminal (telodendron)
30
process where substances such as neurotransmitters and nutrients are transported to and from the cell body through the axon
axoplasmic transport
31
substances move from the cell body toward the presynaptic terminal
anterograde transport
32
substances transported from the synapse back to the cell body (unused neurotransmitters)
retrograde transport
33
what are the different ways to classify neurons
bipolar, unipolar, multipolar
34
two processes extending from the soma
bipolar
35
where are bipolar neurons typically found
sensory structures (olfactory mucosal, retinal cells, vestibular ganglia)
36
how many axons and dendrites are found in bipolar neurons
1 axon and 1 dendrite
37
single process extending from soma, no true dendrite
unipolar neuron
38
where are unipolar neurons commonly found
dorsal root ganglion
39
three or more processes from the soma
multipolar neuron
40
how many axons and dendrites off of multipolar neurons
1 axon and many dendrites
41
what are the two types of cells used for myelination
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
42
what are the signaling support/cleaning/nourishing cells
astrocytes and ependymal cells
43
what are the defending/little glue cells
defending
44
stellate-shaped (star), largest of the glial cells, sucker feet that support the framework of the cell
astrocytes
45
what are the primary functions of astrocytes
provide structural framework of CNS, provide physical and nutritional support of CNS, phagocytosis, immune system regulation via cell signaling
46
occupy most of the extracellular space is CNS, forms glial scar tissue to repair damage to CNS, radial glial cells in embryogenesis become these
astrophytes
47
connect neurons to outside blood capillaries
astrocytes
48
what do astrocytes store in the cytoplasm
glycogen
49
takes up excess Na and K, metabolizes unused neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft, takes up degenerating synaptic terminals during repair of CNS after injury
astrocytes - phagocytosis
50
secrete cytokines that trigger other immune system cells and plays an important role in blood-brain barrier (BBB)
astrocytes
51
where are oligodendrocytes most numerous
white matter
52
what is the main function of oligodendrocytes
myelinate CNS axons
53
what are microglia derived from
monocytes
54
are microglia CNS or PNS
CNS
55
first to defend against damage or infection; phagocytosis of damaged tissues; participates in inflammatory and degenerative reactions
microglia
56
are ependymal cells CNS or PNS
CNS
57
forms epithelial lining of ventricles and central canal of spinal cord; forms cord plexus (CSF production in ventricle); facilitates movement of CSF via cillia
ependymal cells
58
are schwann cells CNS or PNS
PNS
59
what are schwann cells derived from
neural crest cells
60
perform all support functions for cell bodies in spinal cord and axons in PNS
schwann cells
61
myelinate only a single axon; act as phagocytes during degeneration and/or inflammation
schwann cells
62
formed from layers of oligodendroglia and schwann cell plasmalemma spirally wrapped around axons
myelin
63
short myelinated segments of axons
internodes
64
unmyelinated regions with a high density of Na and K channels; polarity is reversed and charges collect boosting the action potential
nodes of ranvier
65
action potential jumps from node to node
saltatory conduction
66
when does myelination occur
begins in utero at 4 months until about 2-3 years
67
what nerves are myelinated first
motor nerves
68
what nerves become myelinated after birth
sensory nerves
69
conditions associated with demyelination
CNS: MS, ALS PNS: peripheral neuropathy, guillain-barre, rabies

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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