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PT 631 Neuroanatomy > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

the limbic system is the border between the

A

diencephalon and cortices

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2
Q

called the visceral brain due to influence on visceral function and also called emotional brain because of function linked to motivation, emotion, olfaction, social behavior and memory

A

limbic system

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3
Q

what are the 5 structures that make up the limbic system

A
  • hypothalamus - homeostasis
  • limbic cortex - cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, septal nuclei
  • hippocampus - memory
  • amygdala - emotions
  • orbitomedial prefrontal cortex - social behaviors
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4
Q

what connections does the limbic system have

A
  • receives input from all 5 senses, somatosensory association areas, and visceral sensory input from the ANS from hypothalamus and brainstem
  • info passes through hippocampus and/or amygdala on to hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus regulates behavioral responses to stimulus, modulates ANS and endocrine systems, and influences activity of immune system
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5
Q

the limbic system is composed of 3 lobes of gray matter around the thalamus on medial hemisphere, what are the 3 lobes

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • uncus
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6
Q

receives info from prefrontal and parietal association areas and thalamus and sends information back to them and to hippocampus

A

limbic cortex

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7
Q

what are the functions of the cingulate gyrus

A

alterations of BP, HR, RR; dilation of pupils; piloerection (goosebumps) when afraid; anxious or pleasured; motivation based on previous experience

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8
Q

what do lesions to cingulate gyrus cause and what are they

A
  • akinesia: no physical response to stimuli
  • apathy: lack of concern or attention
  • incontinence
  • mutism: doesn’t speak but not due to loss of motor aspects of speech
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9
Q

involved in interpretation of smell from olfactory bulbs

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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10
Q

lesions to prehippocampal gyrus and what are they

A
  • anosomia: cannot smell; early sign of brain cancer
  • cacosmia: sensation of unpleasant smells prior to seizures (epilepsy) or olfactory hallucinations
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11
Q

reciprocal projections to hypothalamus and amygdala and hippocampus; involved in autonomic regulation and influences social-emotional behavior (difficulty shifting perspective when social situations does not work as expected; inability to connect decision making to appropriate emotional response

A

orbitomedial prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

where does amygdala receive info from and where does it send info to

A
  • receives: olfactory cortex, frontal and parietal and temporal association areas of brainstem
  • sends: to prefrontal and premotor cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem nuclei
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13
Q

what will lesions to amygdala cause

A

lack of caution, increased libido (sex drive), compulsive eating, loss of appropriate social behavior, visual agnosia

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14
Q

olfactory function of amygdala

A

emotional connection to smell

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15
Q

autonomic function of amygdala

A

modulates endocrine function and connects emotions to ANS responses

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16
Q

cortical function of amygdala

A
  • involved in emotions, memory and learning by way of connections with prefrontal cortex
  • attaches meanings to sensory stimuli
  • heavy influence on protective emotions (fear, rage, libido)
  • interpretation of facial and vocal expressions of others, socially acceptable behaviors
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17
Q

are subjective experiences with physical quality

A

emotions

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18
Q

what are positive and negative emotions associated with

A
  • positive: L prefrontal
  • negative: R prefrontal
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19
Q

thoughts and emotions influence visceral actions via ANS neurotransmitters (epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol)

A

gut feelings

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20
Q

negative or stressful situations over prolonged periods of time will result in

A

increased levels of cortisol in blood (stress response)

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21
Q

what effect does cortisol have on immune system

A
  • depresses immune system
  • more susceptible to inflammation, allergic conditions, injury or cancer
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22
Q

what 3 systems are involved with stress response, describe them

A
  • somatic NS: increased motor neuron activity leads to muscle tension which leads to chronic pain
  • autonomic NS: sympathetic activity increases blood flow to muscles and decreased blood flow to skin, kidneys and digestive tracts
  • neuroendocrine system: sympathetic stimulation of adrenal cortex leads to increased HR, BP, metabolic rate
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23
Q

ways to balance stress and what does it lead to

A
  • group therapy, meditation, prayer, relaxation exercises, nature
  • parasympathetic
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24
Q

is an important emotion to brain function and leads to a whole brain experience because it sets the brain up for a series of parallel synaptic happenings

A

humor

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25
Q

explain how is humor a whole brain experience

A
  • language center in L hemisphere makes sense of words
  • R frontal lobe to thank about logic or illogic presentation - makes experience funny
  • limbic system connects an emotion or memory to joke (domapine released = feel good)
  • motor system to laught
  • ANS changes in HR, RR, laugh till cry
26
Q

what are the positive effects of humor on the brain

A
  • improve memory
  • result in learning
  • improve creative thinking
  • has positive effect on healing and immune system
27
Q

where is the hippocampus located

A

temporal lobe

28
Q

functions of hippocampus

A
  • assembles sensory info and sends it to brainstem
  • memory associated with smell
  • highly involved in memory due to connection with temporal lobe
29
Q

lesions to hippocampus

A

amnesia, alzheimers

30
Q

modification of behavior in response to an experience

A

learned responses

31
Q

have to be stored and recalled when needed; are survival functions

A

memory and learning

32
Q

what are the 3 different memory forms and describe them

A
  • Emotional or Reflexive Memory: hard-wired stereotypical response to a previous experience (elation at birth of my child even 40+ years later)
  • Declarative Memory: recalling events that happened yesterday or years ago (episodic memory) and knowing factors or concepts (semanitc memory)
  • Procedural Memory: knowing how to ride a bike
33
Q

remembering something that happened yesterday or years ago; remembering events

A

episodic memory

34
Q

knowing facts/concepts

A

semantic memory

35
Q

what structures are involved in declarative memory

A

hippocampus, nearby cortical areas, diencephalon

36
Q

skills and habits, emotional associations, conditioned reflexes are what type of memory and what structures are associated with them

A

procedural memory
- skills/habits: striatum, motor areas of cortex, cerebellum
- emotional associations: amygdala
- conditioned reflexes: cerebellum

37
Q

what brain structure is associated with working/short term memory

A

prefrontal cortex

38
Q

recollections that can be verbalized; conscious, cognitive memory

A

declarative memory

39
Q

what lobes are involved with declarative memory

A

frontal and temporal

40
Q

found in temporal lobe and processes memory from short to long term

A

hippocampus

41
Q

what are the 3 stages of memory acquisition

A
  • immediate
  • short-term
  • long-term
42
Q

lasts only 1-2 seconds because no significance is attached to experience

A

immediate memory

43
Q

what processes immediate memory

A

sensory and sensory association areas - NO limbic system involvement

44
Q

brief storage of stimulus in chunks, loss of info unless material is rehearsed

A

short-term/working memory

45
Q

relatively permanent storage; has been processed by STM (______) first with formation of new synaptic connections

A
  • long term memory
  • consolidation
46
Q

what has to be involved to have something stored in long term memory

A

hippocampus –> making new synapses

47
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for declarative memory

A
  • acquisition
  • storage
  • retrieval
48
Q

sensory experiences are directed to temporal lobe; if significant is attached to the experience that it is programmed for storage

A

acquistion

49
Q

short vs long term; performance depends on context and emotions attached to the event

A

storage

50
Q

how you retrieve information

A

retrieval

51
Q

what is consolidation

A

from STM –> LTM

52
Q

what is the difference between recall and recognition

A
  • recall: able to retrieve memory without a cue
  • recognition: cued by seeing the item or attachment to another piece of information
53
Q

refers to recall of skills and habits; nonconscious memory; requires practice to store these memories; won’t need attention once skill or habit is learned, will be automatic

A

procedural memory

54
Q

what brain structures are associated with procedural memory

A

amygdala, basal ganglia, motor cortex and cerebellum

55
Q

primary functions of the limbic system

A
  • regulates feeding and drinking
  • regulates aggressive and defensive behavior
  • regulated reproductive behavior
  • influences memory and emotions
56
Q

what pathologies can impact limbic system

A

TBI, stroke, cancer, alzheimers

57
Q

lesion to limbic cortex

A

Inappropriate risky behavior, poor judgement, difficulty conforming to social norms, impulsive, emotional outbursts, violent behavior, difficulty making decisions, no emotional concern about outcomes

58
Q

lesion to prefrontal area and amygdala

A

Depression, emotional lability (uncontrolled expressions of emotion), inability to recognize emotions in others, poor social behavior

59
Q

hippocampus lesions

A

amnesia (retrograde or antegrade)

60
Q

what are hippocampal lesions related to

A

thiamine deficiency (alcoholism)

PT 631 Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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